{"id":31696,"date":"2022-02-21T20:21:05","date_gmt":"2022-02-21T12:21:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/?p=31696"},"modified":"2022-02-23T21:07:32","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T13:07:32","slug":"50-years-since-nixons-pivot-to-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/","title":{"rendered":"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China"},"content":{"rendered":"

A half century has passed since US President Richard Nixon\u2019s ground-breaking visit to China on 21 February 1972<\/strong><\/p>\n

chinaworker.info reporters<\/p>\n

Nixon was the first American president ever to visit China and no formal relations had existed between the two countries since China\u2019s 1949 revolution. A Republican and sworn anti-communist, Nixon stayed in China for eight days, feted by Mao Zedong\u2019s Stalinist regime. At home, the US president\u2019s poll ratings soared seven percentage points during his visit. He returned to a \u201chero\u2019s welcome\u201d notes the Guardian. The president\u2019s visit even spawned an opera.<\/p>\n

The basis for this historic rapprochement was the desire of both the US and Chinese regimes to forge an alliance against their perceived main enemy, the Soviet Union. This process would reshape global politics. It widened the split in the Cold War\u2019s Stalinist camp, the bureaucratic dictatorships that ruled over non-capitalist planned economies. And it prepared the ground, although this was delayed until after Mao\u2019s death, for the social counter-revolution in China. After thirty years of Stalinist \u2018socialism\u2019, China transitioned from the late 1970s onwards to today\u2019s form of authoritarian state-regulated capitalism under a regime \u2018communist\u2019 in name only.<\/p>\n

Stalinism and nationalism<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Stalinist regimes, modelled on the extremely contradictory society that emerged in the Soviet Union, were a significant check on capitalism\u2019s global power. But despite the claims of their ruling \u2018communist\u2019 officialdom, they were not socialist societies. Each national bureaucratic elite pursued a nationally blinkered agenda to maintain its own rule as parasitic millstones on the state-owned planned economy. This dictatorial nationalism formed the basis for the sharp conflict between the regimes in China and the Soviet Union, which Nixon and US imperialism successfully sought to exploit.<\/p>\n

Nationalist power politics, rather than the internationalist approach of genuine Marxists, as shown by Lenin and Trotsky in the early years of the Russian Revolution, would see the Chinese regime (CCP) briefly and abortively invade \u2018socialist\u2019 Vietnam in 1979 in support of the \u2018socialist\u2019 Pol Pot regime in Cambodia, which was supported by both China (openly) and the US (covertly). Nixon\u2019s Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said of the Cambodian regime: \u201cThey are murderous thugs but we won\u2019t let that stand in our way.\u201d<\/p>\n

Today, on the 50th anniversary, the US and Western capitalist classes are reviewing Nixon\u2019s China visit in the light of an accelerating Cold War 2.0 between the West and China\/Russia. This is a military, economic and pseudo-ideological contest (\u2018democratic\u2019 versus \u2018autocratic\u2019 capitalism) to decide which ruling class will dominate the capitalist world.<\/p>\n

Many Western capitalist commentators are now critical, claiming Nixon\u2019s China pivot, by drawing China into the world capitalist economy and facilitating its hyper growth into a major power, was ground zero for the current fierce US-China conflict. Others lament that global relations look starkly different today as an alliance between Chinese and Russian capitalism against the US appears to be solidifying.<\/p>\n

Winter Olympics<\/strong><\/p>\n

At the start of the Winter Olympics in Beijing, Xi Jinping met with Vladimir Putin, in his first face-to-face meeting with a world leader for two years. The two presidents declared there are no \u201cforbidden areas of cooperation\u201d in their relationship. The meeting was designed to emphasize a common front against the US. It has been followed by official statements from Beijing backing Russia\u2019s demand against further eastward expansion of NATO. Some Western commentators have dubbed this partnership a \u201cnew axis of autocracy\u201d. There are rumours, denied by China, that during their discussions Xi asked Putin not to invade Ukraine during the Olympics, which wrapped up on 20 February.<\/p>\n

The Russian and Chinese governments have overlapping geopolitical interests in their conflicts over Ukraine and Taiwan respectively, although in fact the two issues are dissimilar in a number of important respects. Despite the need to show a common front, the Chinese regime would prefer the current Ukraine crisis to be defused without direct Russian intervention. Unlike when both were Stalinist regimes, when the Soviet Union was by far the dominant force, in today\u2019s alliance it is Russia that is the \u201clittle brother\u201d. This is especially in economic terms with China\u2019s economy ranked second in the world (GDP 18 trillion dollars) and Russia ranked 11th (GDP 1.7 trillion dollars).<\/p>\n

Other commentators are praising Nixon\u2019s diplomacy for its \u201cforesight\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat the West is doing now is the exact opposite of what Nixon did back then,\u201d German author Adrian Geiges told the New York Times. \u201cRussia and China are not natural partners. They are partners because of the common enemy \u2013 the United States and Western Europe.\u201d<\/p>\n

History offers important lessons for how global imperialist and great power relations can develop, shift, and erupt in new conflicts. It shows how complex these processes can be, requiring close scrutiny by Marxists to look behind the diplomatic phrases and media spin in order to discern the real political content and class interests of the various ruling groups. Below is our article from July 2021 explaining the events that led to Nixon\u2019s China pivot of 50 years ago.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

1971: Kissinger\u2019s secret visit to China<\/h1>\n

It\u2019s 50 years ago since Henry Kissinger\u2019s secret mission to China which led to a ground-breaking shift in US imperialism\u2019s foreign policy and changed the course of history<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n
\n

Dahu, chinaworker.info (First published July 29, 2021<\/span>)
<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEureka!\u201d This was the one-word telegram sent to President Richard Nixon by his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger as the latter made his way back from top-secret talks with Chinese leaders on 9-11 July 1971. Kissinger\u2019s visit had evidently gone very well from his perspective. His boss, a right-wing anti-communist warmonger, was playing for high stakes with these covert approaches to Mao Zedong\u2019s Stalinist regime.<\/span><\/p>\n

These talks led to a ground-breaking shift in US imperialism\u2019s foreign policy. This eventually changed the course of history by laying the foundations for the most important global relationship of the past 30 years, that between the US\u2008and China, although that development and the meteoric rise of China as a capitalist power was far beyond the comprehension of Nixon, Mao, and their contemporaries.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kissinger\u2019s secret mission was hidden even from the US\u2008State Department and most members of Nixon\u2019s cabinet. On an otherwise unremarkable visit to Pakistan, Kissinger feigned illness during an official dinner. Pakistan\u2019s military ruler Yahya Khan was one of the few people in on the secret. Instead of taking Kissinger to a former British mountain retreat to recover \u2013 the official story \u2013 Khan\u2019s private driver sped him to a military airport from where he flew to Beijing. The secrecy was due to the sensitivity of the proposed tilt towards China, which would inevitably face opposition from sections of the US establishment, especially the pro-Taiwan lobby in Nixon\u2019s Republican Party. Nixon and Kissinger were also unsure if their approaches to China would succeed. But they did and on July 15 Nixon made a televised speech revealing that Kissinger had just returned from China and that the US president had been invited to Beijing the following year.<\/span><\/p>\n

Even before Kissinger\u2019s trip, extensive unofficial contacts had been made between the two sides to explore the possibility of a deal \u2013 \u201cmore than 100 secret meetings\u201d according to presidential papers now made public. These discussions opened the way for the US men\u2019s table tennis team to make a surprise tour of China in April 1971, giving rise to the term \u201cPing Pong diplomacy\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sino-Soviet split<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Nixon\u2019s meeting with Mao in February 1972 would be a huge PR success, boosting the president\u2019s approval ratings. In polls, 70 percent of Americans approved of his China visit. Still, the process moved forward at a snail\u2019s pace; the full normalisation of US-China relations would take seven more years, partly due to the instability of US politics: Nixon was brought down by the Watergate scandal in 1974.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nixon\u2019s visit paved the way for a historic deal between the US and China, forming the template for all US presidents until Obama, and especially Trump, when engagement with China was discarded in favour of containment and confrontation. In the 1970s, Nixon\u2019s policy was a bold geopolitical gambit to split the Stalinist camp on a world scale. The US was fully aware of the deepening Sino-Soviet conflict, which had even erupted in a border war in 1969. The US ruling class knew it was losing the war in Vietnam and the Nixon-Mao d\u00e9tente was its strategy to regain the upper hand in the struggle against Stalinist Russia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thus, Mao and his successors played an important role in the eventual collapse of the USSR and global Stalinism, although this process would not be consummated for two more decades. The turn towards capitalism in\u2008China, which began under Mao\u2019s successor Deng Xiaoping, was also enormously facilitated by the economic and foreign policy ramifications of Mao\u2019s rapprochement with US imperialism. This is something today\u2019s \u2018tankies\u2019 and pro-CCP layers of the left don\u2019t want to be reminded of \u2013 that the CCP helped bring down the USSR.<\/span><\/p>\n

Taiwan: a deal-breaker<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

In 1971, the US was closely allied with Chiang Kai-shek\u2019s dictatorship in Taiwan (\u2018Republic of China\u2019) and at one point had 30,000 troops stationed on the island. A small contingent of Taiwanese military personnel was fighting on the US side in Vietnam. In the negotiations with Nixon and Kissinger, Mao and his premier Zhou Enlai drove a hard bargain. They wanted US technology, especially military technology, and trade concessions, which they got.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mao\u2019s regime was in crisis, dealing with the economic and political repercussions of the Cultural Revolution, itself a confirmation the bureaucratic system of Chinese Stalinism had reached a dead end. But the Chinese sensed the Americans were even more desperate for a deal. \u201cTo try to get the best deal, Kissinger \u2013 and, at times, Nixon \u2013 deployed high degrees of sycophancy,\u201d noted historian Jonathan Fenby. In their meeting, Nixon praised Mao\u2019s writings (!) while Mao replied that Nixon\u2019s book Six Crises was \u201cnot bad\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Both sides were cynically blunt in separating out their real power interests from their public posturing. Mao told Kissinger in February 1973, that both governments would need to criticise one another for a while. \u201cYou say, away with you Communists. We say, away with you Imperialists. Sometime we say things like that. It would not do not to do that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Referring to their shared interest against Moscow, Mao remarked, \u201cSo long as the objectives are the same, we would not harm you nor would you harm us. And we can both work together commonly to deal with a bastard.\u201d (from Nixon presidential papers).<\/span><\/p>\n

The main sticking point in the negotiations was Taiwan. Here too, the US side essentially gave Mao\u2019s regime what it wanted. Nixon was prepared to sacrifice Taiwan to reach a deal with China, which would more decisively further US global interests. Already in April 1971, Kissinger told Nixon, \u201cIt\u2019s a tragedy that it has to happen to Chiang [Kai-shek] at the end of his life but we have to be cold about it.\u201d The president agreed, \u201cWe have to do what\u2019s best for us.\u201d Among other things this meant accepting Taiwan\u2019s expulsion from the United Nations, where the \u2018ROC\u2019 was still recognised as the official government of China. US troops would also leave Taiwan and a diplomatic fudge \u2013 the \u2018One China\u2019 policy \u2013 would enable Mao\u2019s regime to claim a significant diplomatic victory, while the US shifted to \u2018unofficial\u2019 ties with Taiwan, which has been its position ever since.<\/span><\/p>\n

The UN vote took place in October 1971 and went 76-35 against Taiwan. The Taiwanese delegation walked slowly out of the UN Assembly for the last time. The US voted against expelling Taiwan and Nixon pretended to be angry with the result, but this was one of many instances of diplomatic subterfuge. In reality, secret assurances had already been given to the Chinese leaders and the US vote at the UN was just a performance \u2013 partly to placate pro-Taiwan Republicans like Ronald Reagan. US allies Britain, France and Canada voted with the majority to kick out Taiwan and give the UN seat to Mao\u2019s China.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Chinese regime\u2019s pact with US imperialism was not an isolated case of putting narrow national and bureaucratic interests before the interests of the workers\u2019 movement internationally, although it is the most eye-catching example. Having for years denounced \u201cSoviet social imperialism\u201d for its appeasement towards the West, the Chinese regime established diplomatic relations with Franco\u2019s dictatorship in Spain, the Greek military junta, and Pinochet\u2019s Chile after the bloody 1973 coup that crushed the left. In 1976, before Mao\u2019s death, China intervened in the civil war in Angola on the same side as the US and apartheid South Africa.<\/span><\/p>\n

China was active alongside the US in the 1980s covert war against Soviet forces in Afghanistan, even allowing the CIA\u2008to establish two electronic spying stations at Qitai and Korla in Xinjiang. Deng\u2019s regime helped to train thousands of jihadi terrorists including many Uighurs \u2013 a dark chapter that demolishes the credibility of its current hardline stance against terrorism in Xinjiang. Today of course the world and the US-China relationship has been turned upside down. A new Cold War \u2013 a struggle of capitalist giants to \u201cwin the 21st Century\u201d \u2013 has begun.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stalinism and the Cold War<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

The first Cold War from 1945-91 was a geopolitical standoff between two fundamentally different social systems, capitalism and Stalinism. The USSR and after 1945, China and a succession of other \u2018communist\u2019 states rested on non-capitalist economic foundations. Marxists use the designation \u2018Stalinism\u2019 to describe these bureaucratic dictatorships, which used socialist rhetoric but were not socialist. Stalin\u2019s dictatorship ruled over the degenerated remains of the great Russian Revolution of 1917.\u2008Capitalism had been erased, but the organs of workers\u2019 democracy which existed under Lenin, Trotsky and the Bolshevik Party in the early years were successively eroded and crushed by the rise of a privileged bureaucracy, \u2018communist\u2019 in name only.<\/span><\/p>\n

These were state-owned economies but they were planned in a top-down, wasteful, bureaucratic way. By politically repressing the working class and excluding it from economic and political decision-making, Stalinism (and Maoism) had no possibility of developing towards real socialism. Only an additional political revolution by the working class could have realised real socialism, taking control over the planned economy and thoroughly democratising society by abolishing the bureaucratic dictatorship.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A half century has passed since US President Richard Nixon\u2019s ground-breaking visit to China on 21 February 1972 chinaworker.info reporters Nixon was the first American president ever to visit China and no formal relations had existed between the two countries since China\u2019s 1949 revolution. A Republican and sworn anti-communist, Nixon stayed in China for eight […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":31700,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[132,407,148,124],"tags":[2941,37099,3180,7405,37100,2313,4738,37389,37388,915],"class_list":{"0":"post-31696","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-china","8":"category-history","9":"category-international","10":"category-news","11":"tag-cold-war","12":"tag-kissinger","13":"tag-mao-zedong","14":"tag-richard-nixon","15":"tag-sino-soviet-split","16":"tag-stalinism","17":"tag-tw-en","18":"tag-vladimir-putin","19":"tag-winter-olympics","20":"tag-xi-jinping"},"yoast_head":"\n50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China - China Worker<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China - China Worker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A half century has passed since US President Richard Nixon\u2019s ground-breaking visit to China on 21 February 1972 chinaworker.info reporters Nixon was the first American president ever to visit China and no formal relations had existed between the two countries since China\u2019s 1949 revolution. A Republican and sworn anti-communist, Nixon stayed in China for eight […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"China Worker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SocialistAction\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-21T12:21:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-23T13:07:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2022\/02\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"930\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"754\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"-\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"-\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"-\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/975f5f5016fa548a72f70b06f280e7e2\"},\"headline\":\"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-21T12:21:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-23T13:07:32+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2397,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/media1.chinaworker.info\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Cold War\",\"Kissinger\",\"Mao Zedong\",\"Richard Nixon\",\"Sino-Soviet split\",\"Stalinism\",\"Taiwan\",\"Vladimir Putin\",\"Winter Olympics\",\"Xi Jinping\"],\"articleSection\":[\"China\",\"History\",\"International\",\"News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/\",\"name\":\"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China - China Worker\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/media1.chinaworker.info\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-21T12:21:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-23T13:07:32+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/media1.chinaworker.info\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/media1.chinaworker.info\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg\",\"width\":930,\"height\":754},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/21\\\/31696\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u9996\u9801\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u884c\u52d5\",\"description\":\"Solidarity, Struggle, Socialism\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Chinaworker.info\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/media1.chinaworker.info\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/logo-sa.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/media1.chinaworker.info\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/logo-sa.png\",\"width\":120,\"height\":126,\"caption\":\"Chinaworker.info\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/SocialistAction\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/socialistactionhk\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/975f5f5016fa548a72f70b06f280e7e2\",\"name\":\"-\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/e4905e3d30b045c823bb9c8d7b0e32300abf2d36f13a1be5351ae5bce682c562?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/e4905e3d30b045c823bb9c8d7b0e32300abf2d36f13a1be5351ae5bce682c562?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/e4905e3d30b045c823bb9c8d7b0e32300abf2d36f13a1be5351ae5bce682c562?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"-\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/chinaworker.info\\\/en\\\/author\\\/vk\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China - China Worker","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China - China Worker","og_description":"A half century has passed since US President Richard Nixon\u2019s ground-breaking visit to China on 21 February 1972 chinaworker.info reporters Nixon was the first American president ever to visit China and no formal relations had existed between the two countries since China\u2019s 1949 revolution. A Republican and sworn anti-communist, Nixon stayed in China for eight […]","og_url":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/","og_site_name":"China Worker","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SocialistAction","article_published_time":"2022-02-21T12:21:05+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-02-23T13:07:32+00:00","og_image":[{"width":930,"height":754,"url":"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2022\/02\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"-","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"-","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/"},"author":{"name":"-","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/975f5f5016fa548a72f70b06f280e7e2"},"headline":"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China","datePublished":"2022-02-21T12:21:05+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-23T13:07:32+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/"},"wordCount":2397,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2022\/02\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg","keywords":["Cold War","Kissinger","Mao Zedong","Richard Nixon","Sino-Soviet split","Stalinism","Taiwan","Vladimir Putin","Winter Olympics","Xi Jinping"],"articleSection":["China","History","International","News"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/","url":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/","name":"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China - China Worker","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2022\/02\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg","datePublished":"2022-02-21T12:21:05+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-23T13:07:32+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2022\/02\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2022\/02\/Mao-Nixon-1.jpg","width":930,"height":754},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/2022\/02\/21\/31696\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u9996\u9801","item":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"50 years since Nixon\u2019s pivot to China"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/","name":"\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u884c\u52d5","description":"Solidarity, Struggle, Socialism","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#organization","name":"Chinaworker.info","url":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2021\/04\/logo-sa.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/media1.chinaworker.info\/2021\/04\/logo-sa.png","width":120,"height":126,"caption":"Chinaworker.info"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SocialistAction","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/socialistactionhk\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/975f5f5016fa548a72f70b06f280e7e2","name":"-","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e4905e3d30b045c823bb9c8d7b0e32300abf2d36f13a1be5351ae5bce682c562?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e4905e3d30b045c823bb9c8d7b0e32300abf2d36f13a1be5351ae5bce682c562?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e4905e3d30b045c823bb9c8d7b0e32300abf2d36f13a1be5351ae5bce682c562?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"-"},"url":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/author\/vk\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31696"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31716,"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31696\/revisions\/31716"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}