chinaworker.info<\/i><\/span><\/a>\u00a0at a session of the 2024 Marxist School of ISA in China-Hong Kong-Taiwan devoted to the 50th anniversary of the founding of ISA\/CWI. Other speakers at the session were Arne Johansson of the Swedish section (Socialistiskt Alternativ) and Kshama Sawant of the US section (Socialist Alternative).<\/i><\/p>\nThe task of Marxists is not to simply learn and repeat formulas.<\/p>\n
Basing ourselves on the method of Marxism we develop perspectives as a guide to action.\u00a0When the CWI was formed in 1974, Stalinist bureaucratic regimes ruled one-third of the world, from North Korea to East Germany to Cuba.\u00a0The USSR was the world\u2019s second biggest economy after the US, and the number one military power.<\/p>\n
The Stalinist dictatorships were grotesque caricatures of \u2018socialism\u2019.\u00a0But the existence of planned economies, even bureaucratically distorted ones, and the formation of many new Stalinist regimes after 1945, had fundamentally altered the balance of world relations.\u00a0These regimes were not interested in nor capable of leading a struggle against capitalism, but their existence served as a counterweight to capitalism.\u00a0Key parts of the world economy \u2013 including Russia and China \u2013 were \u201coff limits\u201d to the capitalists.\u00a0In a very distorted form this represented the power of the working class versus the capitalist class.<\/p>\n
The collapse of these regimes like gigantic dominos beginning in the year 1989 changed the world. It forced the CWI into a complete re-evaluation.\u00a0This was a decisive change in world history, especially for the class struggle.\u00a0While we saw there was a deep crisis in the USSR and other Stalinist states, at first we still underestimated just how serious this crisis was.\u00a0Under the bureaucratic dictatorships these societies were going backwards.<\/p>\n
For\u00a0decades\u00a0we had completely discounted the possibility of capitalism being restored in these states.\u00a0Based on their spectacular growth in the 1950s and 60s, we believed the Stalinist regimes were still able to play a \u201crelatively progressive\u201d role in developing these economies, despite the cancer of bureaucratism.\u00a0Earlier mass working class revolts against Stalinism in Hungary and Poland showed no\u00a0support for going back to crisis-ridden capitalism.<\/p>\n
But the situation had completely changed by 1989, and this forced us to revise our own analysis. That in turn provoked a split \u2013 actually a succession of splits over following years \u2013 from our ranks. A group which later became the IMT (soon to be re-named Revolutionary Communist International) split from the CWI in 1992.<\/p>\n
Stuck in the past<\/b><\/p>\n
This minority faction was stuck in the past. This included Ted Grant who played a very important role in the founding years.\u00a0They refused to recognize that capitalist restoration had occurred in the Stalinist states \u2013 according to them it was theoretically ruled out.\u00a0They overestimated the strength and viability of the Stalinist regimes and their ability to find a way out of the crisis.\u00a0They underestimated the degree of confusion and disorientation in mass consciousness.\u00a0Stalinism had exercised a toxic effect on workers\u2019 consciousness in these countries, rendering \u201csocialism\u201d a dirty word.<\/p>\n
[The 1992 split also centred on major differences vis-a-vis the British Labour Party \u2013 the utility of remaining as an\u00a0\u2018entrist\u2019\u00a0group as opposed to building independently \u2013 and the type of revolutionary party we want to build. While clearly all connected, rooted in the end of one historical phase and beginning of another, these topics are covered in separate material due to time constraints].<\/em><\/p>\nThe minority faction stuck rigidly to outdated formulas: that the masses, once they moved, would move towards political revolution to remove the bureaucratic dictatorship and revitalise the planned economies.\u00a0But reality turned out differently.<\/p>\n
The IMT did not correct their mistake until\u00a0the mid-1990s, more than five\u00a0years after they split from the CWI, when they belatedly accepted that capitalist restoration had occurred.\u00a0To this day, the approach to \u201ctheory\u201d of IMT-RCI is extremely dogmatic and stale.\u00a0While their articles on history can be quite good, they are incapable of analysing or understanding what is happening today.<\/p>\n
Other self-proclaimed Trotskyists were also completely disorientated by the collapse of Stalinism. Groups with a \u2018state capitalist\u2019 analysis of Stalinism \u2013 such as the IST \u2013 failed to see the collapse of the planned economies as a huge historical setback. Their analysis was criminally light-minded: Saying this was a \u201csideways step\u201d from state<\/em>\u00a0capitalism to\u00a0market<\/em> capitalism and therefore not a big deal.<\/p>\nCapitalist restoration changed the world order<\/b><\/p>\n
As Trotsky foresaw, the restoration of capitalism gave world capitalism an epoch-changing ideological and propaganda victory. Mass consciousness was thrown backwards. The effects of this are still powerful today. The capitalists were able to drum home the message: \u201cThere is only one viable system \u2013 our system\u201d.<\/p>\n
This sped up other processes: The disintegration of the left, and capitulation to neoliberalism of the social democratic and labour parties.\u00a0Neoliberal globalisation accelerated dramatically, especially with the restoration of capitalism in China and its \u201ceconomic pact\u201d with US imperialism.\u00a0A vast new billion-strong proletariat was offered to capitalism to be absorbed into its global system of exploitation.\u00a0The super-profits from this allowed global capitalism to partially overcome its internal crises and expand during the two decades until the 2008 crash.<\/p>\n
A tsunami of privatization swept the planet \u2013 creating super-rich oligarchs alongside mass misery and poverty.\u00a0In China from 1995 to 2005, 100,000 state-owned companies were privatized.<\/p>\n
The CWI was the first international left organization to correctly understand this process. Crucial discussions, visits and interventions into mass upheavals in the Stalinist countries, enabled us to change our analysis and correct a previously mistaken view. But, as stated, this forced us to break with that minority who refused to recognise the new reality \u2013 those who later became the IMT.<\/p>\n
Revolution and counter-revolution<\/b><\/p>\n
At this time, the late 1980s, we sent comrades to at least eight Stalinist countries.\u00a0In China in 1989, our comrade spoke in Tiananmen Square to several tens of thousands of people.\u00a0We organised global solidarity with the mass movement in China.\u00a0But we were still wrong-footed by the processes taking place: We saw June 4\u00a0[the Beijing\u00a0massacre]\u00a0as a Stalinist crackdown.<\/p>\n
But when Deng and the PLA massacred the youth in Beijing, this was in fact a victory of capitalist counterrevolution.\u00a0The CCP dictatorship triumphed but, in the process, stole the economic program of the bourgeois liberals who had been one wing \u2013 not the only wing \u2013 of the mass democracy movement. The CCP stayed in power based on a violent break with the past and then moved to rapidly consolidate a bourgeois regime, with the old bureaucratic elite keeping the dictatorship and transforming themselves into capitalists.<\/p>\n
The same year, 1989, I went to Czechoslovakia and was there when the Communist Party government dissolved itself.\u00a0More than a million people demonstrated in Prague on the day I and another CWI comrade arrived in the city.\u00a0Prague was in the grip of revolutionary fervour as the masses sensed a new power, following decades of authoritarian Stalinist misrule.<\/p>\n
On every street corner, hundreds of people stood in queues to buy newspapers which had been subject to strict censorship only a few days earlier. The problem is, they were not good newspapers! They were popular only because censorship had collapsed. We also sent comrades to Russia, Poland, Hungary and East Germany. At that time the CWI had no sections or groups behind the \u2018iron curtain\u2019.<\/p>\n
In Stalinist East Germany, mass protests demanding democratic rights began at the end of September 1989.\u00a0In Leipzig, on 9 October, 70,000 took part and on that day many feared that the government would do a \u201cTiananmen Square\u201d and shoot the crowds.\u00a0But the East German Stalinists were split and stepped back.\u00a0Demonstrations shook the country for weeks. On 4 November, half a million marched in Stalinist-controlled East Berlin,\u00a0demanding freedom of speech and press freedom.<\/p>\n
The East German mass protests were not demanding capitalism or opposing socialism. They wanted democratic rights.\u00a0The Stalinist dictatorship rotted away.\u00a0Six weeks\u00a0after the first Leipzig demonstration, the masses besieged and dismantled the Berlin Wall.\u00a0This was a single day into which decades of accumulated political pressures were compressed.\u00a0After the Berlin Wall came down, 75% of people in a survey said they had \u201cnever seen it coming\u201d.<\/p>\n
CWI’s reappraisal<\/b><\/p>\n
The speed of events was startling. Mass anti-regime protests jumped from one country to another, giving an awe-inspiring glimpse of the permanent revolution.\u00a0But the throwing back of popular consciousness and lack of a subjective factor \u2013 a party \u2013 meant that a potentially revolutionary movement rapidly became diverted into capitalist counter-revolution.\u00a0There was no mass workers\u2019 party that could agitate to combine demands for real democracy with resisting capitalism and preserving state property.<\/p>\n
The CWI wrote at the time: \u201cWhile [we] had already recognised [by 1989], that capitalist restoration was no longer excluded in these societies, what was unexpected was the speed with which the political revolution was derailed.<\/p>\n
\u201cAlso unexpected was the fact that the first steps of the counter-revolution did not encounter significant resistance from the proletariat.\u201d<\/p>\n
This is quoted from the CWI 1992 document\u00a0The Collapse of Stalinism<\/i>\u00a0which was a reply to those who split to form the IMT.<\/p>\n
Trotsky\u2019s brilliant analysis of Stalinism explained that only a working class political revolution could prevent the restoration of capitalism.\u00a0The revolution is\u00a0political<\/i> because it would capture state power but would leave the\u00a0social\u00a0<\/i>foundations \u2013 the state-owned planned economy \u2013 unchanged.<\/p>\n
He explained that the planned economy could not survive without the \u201coxygen\u201d of workers\u2019 democratic control and management.\u00a0As a tool of the Stalinist bureaucrats the planned economy was blighted by mind-boggling levels of waste and mismanagement.<\/p>\n
In reality, by the 1980s, Trotsky\u2019s original analysis was vindicated: Only political revolution could prevent capitalist counter-revolution. The Stalinist economies had achieved impressive GDP growth in the 1950s and 60s, less so in the 1970s. This was a time when they were building basic industrial infrastructure, copying and transplanting heavy industrial technique from the West. But as the modern economy became more complex, especially in the computer era, the Stalinist economies fell further and further behind. They could not innovate, only copy.<\/p>\n
Further world-changing shifts<\/b><\/p>\n
Most of the Stalinist states fell into deep economic crisis by the 1980s \u2013 actual regression in the USSR. This destabilised and demoralised the Stalinist rulers. It led the masses to look to Western capitalism as a \u201cparadise\u201d in comparison.<\/p>\n
The restoration of capitalism in the former Stalinist states has been one of the most economically and socially brutal processes ever seen.\u00a0Russia\u2019s GDP fell by 50% between 1990-95.\u00a0Russia\u2019s male life expectancy fell to 57 years.<\/p>\n
Workers\u2019 movements have not recovered and mass consciousness still reflects many complications.\u00a0But capitalism\u2019s dividends from the collapse of Stalinism have largely been exhausted.\u00a0In fact now they have turned into their opposite. A new imperialist dynamic has been created where it could not exist before.<\/p>\n
The bloc of China and Russia, regimes of brutal capitalist counter-revolution, have now emerged as major imperialist powers \u2013 especially China. It is in the nature of imperialism that they must challenge the existing hegemon, the US, in ways the old Stalinist-Maoist regimes did not and could not do. Today\u2019s capitalist world is being riven economically, militarily and technologically between two imperialist camps \u2013 led by the US and China.<\/p>\n
Our comrades need to study these crucial lessons: The Russian Revolution. Trotsky\u2019s analysis and struggle against Stalinism. The strengthening of Stalinism in the post-1945 era. And its collapse 35 years ago. This is a vital part of the theoretical foundation that the ISA and next generation Marxists must build our movement upon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Our comrades need to study these crucial lessons: The Russian Revolution. Trotsky\u2019s analysis and struggle against Stalinism. The strengthening of Stalinism in the post-1945 era. And its collapse 35 years ago.\u00a0This is a vital part of the theoretical foundation the ISA and next generation Marxists must build our movement upon.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":45185,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[404,407],"tags":[1854,36885,2313],"class_list":{"0":"post-45190","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-features","8":"category-history","9":"tag-cwi","10":"tag-isa-2","11":"tag-stalinism"},"yoast_head":"\n
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