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2019\u5e7411\u67087\u65e5\u662f\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u6258\u6d1b\u65af\u57fa\u7684140\u5e74\u8bde\u8fb0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rob Jones\uff08ISA\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u652f\u90e8\uff09<\/p>\n

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1905\u5e74\u4e0e\u4e0d\u65ad\u9769\u547d\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2500\u2500\u300a\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u300b<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6839\u636e1905\u5e74\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u6df7\u5408\u800c\u4e0d\u5747\uff08combined and uneven\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5f53\u6280\u672f\u8f83\u843d\u540e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d2d\u4e70\u5df2\u7ecf\u5236\u9020\u597d\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c99\u7687\u6ca1\u90a3\u4e2a\u529f\u592b\u53bb\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u53d1\u5c55\u5de5\u4e1a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5efa\u9020\u5de8\u578b\u5de5\u5382\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u201c\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8001\u677f\u201d\u505a\u9760\u5c71\uff0c\u5374\u5f80\u5f80\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8f6f\u5f31\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u529b\u91cf\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\uff08\u4f8b\u59821642\u20131651\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u548c1789\u20131794\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5e94\u8be5\u53bb\u9886\u5bfc\u6c11\u4e3b\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u53d8\u800c\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u65f6\u7acb\u5baa\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u515a\u9b41\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u5e15\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u7c73\u7559\u79d1\u592b\uff08Pavel Milyukov\uff09\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7eb2\u9886\u611f\u5230\u9707\u60ca\u3002\u662f\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u90a3\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6258\u6d3e\u4efd\u5b50\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5df2\u7ecf\u9884\u6d4b\u4e861917\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u62c9\u7f8e\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u548c\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u4ecd\u7136\u7edd\u5bf9\u6709\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u79f0\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u652f\u6301\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u65e9\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u52a3\u6839\u6027\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u7740\u653f\u6743\u7684\u201c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u201d\u4ecd\u4ee5\u5efa\u8bbe\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u628a\u4e89\u53d6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u65e0\u9650\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

1906\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3a\u9996\u768452\u4f4d\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u6210\u5458\u5728\u6c99\u7687\u6cd5\u9662\u88ab\u63a7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6b66\u88c5\u8d77\u4e49\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u65e0\u89c6\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u540d\u7684\u51fa\u8272\u6f14\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u634d\u536b\u4e86\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u5224\u5904\u6d41\u653e\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e45\u4fbf\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u9003\u4ea1\u5230\u56fd\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

1907\u52301916\u5e74\uff1a\u53cd\u52a8\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6240\u6709\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5f53\u65f6\u90fd\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u515a\u30021905\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u515a\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u6210\u5458\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u5e76\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u56de\u6765\u3002\u63a5\u8fde\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u5bfc\u81f4\u515a\u652f\u90e8\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\u5341\u500d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u652f\u90e8\u751a\u81f3\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5367\u5e95\u6240\u9886\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u591a\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u63d0\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u515a\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u89e3\u6563\u5730\u4e0b\u515a\u90e8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u652f\u6301\u5148\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5404\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u515a\u5185\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u8f6e\u6d3e\u7cfb\u6597\u4e89\uff1a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u3001\u524d\u8fdb\u6d3e\uff08Vpered\uff09\u3001\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u3001\u53d6\u6d88\u6d3e\uff08liquidationist\uff09\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u5d29\u5f97\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u652f\u6301\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4f7f\u5f97\u60c5\u51b5\u66f4\u52a0\u6076\u52a3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c40\u52bf\u4f7f\u5217\u5b81\u5fe7\u5fc3\u5fe1\u5fe1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e4b\u95f4\u5206\u6b67\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n

1912\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u4ee5\u56e2\u7ed3\u5404\u79cd\u6d3e\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u62d2\u7edd\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u8ddf\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u70ed\u8877\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u90a3\u65f6\u81f4\u547d\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u5373\u5c06\u6765\u4e34\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5404\u6d3e\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u5408\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n

1927\u5e74\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u8d8a\u98de\uff08Adolf Joffe\uff09\u5728\u75c5\u91cd\u81ea\u6740\u524d\u7ed9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5199\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u3002\u4fe1\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u600e\u4e48\u770b\u5f85\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u201c\u6211\u4ece\u672a\u6000\u7591\u60a8\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u60a8\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u81ea\u300a\u4e0d\u65ad\u9769\u547d\u8bba\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u60a8\u5de6\u53f3\u2026\u20261905\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u60a8\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u6211\u7ecf\u5e38\u544a\u8bc9\u60a8\uff0c\u6211\u4eb2\u8033\u542c\u5230\u5217\u5b81\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u57281905\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u662f\u4f60\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4e34\u6b7b\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6492\u8c0e\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u5411\u4f60\u91cd\u590d\u4e00\u904d\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u662f\u60a8\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bfb\u6c42\u540c\u610f\u4e0e\u59a5\u534f\u800c\u653e\u5f03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u60a8\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

1912\u5e748\u6708\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u72af\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5230\u90a3\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5df2\u7ecf\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5c31\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u7ea0\u7eb7\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4ee5\u300a\u57fa\u8f85\u601d\u60f3\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u8bb0\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u524d\u5f80\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u534a\u5c9b\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u7ecf\u5386\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u5f97\u5230\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u62c9\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08Christian Rakovsky\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u6218\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5e2e\u52a9\u751a\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57281920\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u4e0e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5c31\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u803b\u4e14\u9519\u8bef\u7acb\u573a\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u8bba\u65f6\u3002\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u91cd\u65b0\u5c31\u82ac\u5170\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9f50\u7f8e\u5c14\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7\u5ba3\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n

1914\u5e74\uff0c\u515a\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u51e0\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56fd\u9645\u5c31\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\u4e86\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5fe0\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

1915\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u9f50\u7f8e\u5c14\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7\u53cd\u6218\u4f1a\u8bae\u768438\u540d\u4e0e\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e76\u8d1f\u8d23\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u7f13\u6162\u4f46\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u9760\u8fd1\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5e26\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u6218\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bdd\u300b\u3002\u540e\u6765\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u58eb\u5175\u624b\u4e0a\u641c\u51fa\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u53c8\u7acb\u523b\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u662f\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7279\u5de5\u201d\u5e76\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u5c06\u4ed6\u62bc\u89e3\u7ed9\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5f53\u5c40\uff0c\u800c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u628a\u4ed6\u585e\u8fdb\u9a76\u5f80\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u8239\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e74\uff1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5<\/strong><\/p>\n

1917\u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u518d\u6b21\u7206\u53d1\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u8fc5\u901f\u4e8e4\u6708\u8fd4\u56fd\u3002\u800c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e09\u6708\u4efd\u5c31\u79bb\u5f00\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u5173\u8fdb\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u91cc\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e94\u6708\u4efd\u624d\u83b7\u91ca\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u56de\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u91cc\u53d1\u8d77\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u3001\u674e\u53ef\u592b\u548c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u503e\u5411\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u8d56\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u6700\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u6b64\u65f6\u58f0\u79f0\u5217\u5b81\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u8fd4\u56de\u4fc4\u56fd\u65f6\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u56db\u6708\u7eb2\u9886\u300b\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u505c\u6b62\u652f\u6301\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u547c\u5401\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u9769\u547d\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57281917\u5e747\u6708\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u671f\u91cc\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u906d\u5230\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8f6c\u5165\u5730\u4e0b\u3002\u5f53\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u88ab\u6355\u5173\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u4fdd\u7f57\u8981\u585e\u76d1\u72f1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u66b4\u5f92\u5728\u8857\u5934\u641c\u6355\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u5b63\u8bfa\u7ef4\u4e5f\u592b\u65f6\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9886\u5bfc\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u548c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u516c\u5f00\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b8c\u5168\u652f\u6301\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u5929\u88ab\u6355\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4ece\u90a3\u5929\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6bd4\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u66f4\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

9\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u88ab\u5168\u515a\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e3a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u515a\u5458\u3002\u5728\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u662f\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8d39\u5965\u591a\u5c14\uff0e\u4e39\uff08Fyodor Dan\uff09\u6307\u8d23\u8be5\u8d77\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u9634\u8c0b\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8fd9\u6837\u56de\u5e94\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u201c\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u662f\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9634\u8c0b\u3002\u7fa4\u4f17\u8d77\u4e49\u662f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7406\u7531\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u51dd\u805a\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u9769\u547d\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u516c\u5f00\u6253\u9020\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f17\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8d77\u4e49\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u7136\u800c\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u62d2\u7edd\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8981\u548c\u8c01\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\uff1f\u4f60\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u7834\u4ea7\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u620f\u4efd\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u3002\u6eda\u8fdb\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5783\u573e\u6876\u91cc\u5427\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u6ce8\u5b9a\u7684\u5f52\u5bbf\uff01\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u7ea2\u519b\uff1a\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u524d\u8fdb\uff01<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u4e27\u751f\u5728\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u3002\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4e3b\u5f20\u4fc4\u56fd\u9000\u51fa\u8fd9\u573a\u5c60\u6740\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9\u4fc4\u56fd\u5c48\u670d\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u8bfa\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279-\u5229\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u8c08\u4e2d\u62b5\u6321\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u4f46\u51e0\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u4fbf\u5bf9\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u5165\u4fb5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5f53\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u652f\u201c\u5de5\u519c\u7ea2\u519b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5217\u5b81\u8bf4\u670d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9886\u5bfc\u8fd9\u652f\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9769\u547d\u662f\u751f\u6b7b\u6538\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

1918-20\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u88ab\u5341\u51e0\u4e2a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u519b\u961f\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5185\u6218\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6781\u9650\u7684\u58ee\u4e3e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u662f\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u9886\u5bfc\u8fd9\u4e00\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u6297\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u767d\u519b\u9a91\u5175\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u7ea2\u519b\u9a91\u5175\u961f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u201c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u4e0a\u9a6c\uff01\u201d\u50cf\u91ce\u706b\u4e00\u6837\u5728\u7fa4\u4f17\u4e2d\u95f4\u8513\u5ef6\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ea64\u4e07\u540d\u524d\u6c99\u7687\u519b\u5b98\u88ab\u62db\u52df\u5165\u7ea2\u519b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u592e\u519b\u4e8b\u5e72\u90e8\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u76d1\u7763\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u59d4\u5458\u88ab\u59d4\u4efb\u8fdb\u90e8\u961f\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u519b\u4e8b\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u642d\u914d\u4e24\u540d\u5de5\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u540d\u5de5\u4eba\u5e26\u7740\u9769\u547d\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u767d\u5929\u9ed1\u591c\uff0c\u51b3\u4e0d\u8ba9\u90a3\u4e9b\u519b\u5b98\u79bb\u5f00\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c6\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e24\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5217\u8f66\u9a70\u9a8b\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u4e3a\u5404\u5730\u524d\u7ebf\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u9f13\u821e\u9003\u5175\u8fd4\u56de\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u51b3\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ca\u9669\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u662f\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u3002\u7ea2\u519b\u963b\u6321\u4e0d\u4e86\u767d\u536b\u519b\u5c24\u767b\u5c3c\u5947\uff08Yudenich\uff09\u7684\u7a81\u51fb\u961f\u3002\u5b63\u8bfa\u7ef4\u4e5f\u592b\u504f\u5934\u75db\u5730\u8eba\u5728\u6c99\u53d1\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6295\u964d\u4ea4\u51fa\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5e78\u597d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u5217\u8f66\u53ca\u65f6\u8d76\u5230\uff0c\u5e76\u9886\u5bfc\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7ea2\u519b\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u5c24\u767b\u5c3c\u5947\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n

1923\u52301927\u5e74\uff1a\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e<\/strong><\/p>\n

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