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KGB\uff09\u6295\u5165\u5230\u7b56\u5212\u548c\u6267\u884c\u6697\u6740\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u4e3a\u4ec0\u9ebd\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3a\u4f55\u5728\u8d77\u5148\u65f6\u4f1a\u5141\u8bb8\u8ba9\u4ed6\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u57281932\u5e741\u6708\u81f4\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u516c\u5f00\u793a\u8b66\u8bf4\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5c06\u4f1a\u7740\u624b\u4e8e\u593a\u8d70\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u57281924\uff5e1925\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u5bf9\u672c\u4fe1\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u6050\u6016\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u66fe\u7ecf\u6743\u8861\u8fc7\u540c\u610f\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u7531\u3002\u540c\u610f\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u6e05\u695a\u800c\u660e\u663e\u7684\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u7531\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u52c7\u4e8e\u732e\u8eab\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5206\u5b50\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u62a5\u4ee5\u53cd\u6050\u6016\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u300d\uff08\u300a\u8bc9\u72b6\u300b 1932\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c9\u9875\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53d6\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5e93\u300a\u81f4\u8054\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u76d1\u59d4\u4e3b\u5e2d\u56e2\u7684\u4fe1\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f1a\u8bae\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u7531\u66fe\u77ed\u6682\u4e0e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7ec4\u6210\u300c\u4e09\u9a7e\u9a6c\u8f66\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u7a81\u7136\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u5bf9\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u4e8c\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5b63\u8bfa\u7ef4\u4e5f\u592b\u548c\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u6240\u5411\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u901a\u62a5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8feb\u5bb3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u300c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u540e\u6765\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c06\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u82cf\u8054\u662f\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u300d\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u2026\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u76d8\u7b97\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u5173\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u8d39\u4e5f\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5374\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u6709\u3002\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4eca\u540e\u662f\u540c\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5e72\u90e8\u5bc6\u5207\u5730\u8054\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u4ec0\u9ebd\u6837\u7684\u634f\u9020\u4e5f\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7740\u8ff0\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u575a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6467\u7684\u5e72\u90e8\u961f\u4f0d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u76ee\u524d\u4eba\u6570\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u5927\u6797\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u90a3\u865a\u5047\u7684\u300e\u5a01\u671b\u300f\u3001\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u90a3\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u591a\u9ebd\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u300d\uff08\u300a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c1932\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ed6\u6d41\u4ea1\u5230\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u300a\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u300b\u548c\u4ed6\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\u300a\u6211\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u300b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u901a\u8baf\u300b\uff081929\u5e74\u79cb\u51fa\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5f00\u59cb\u51dd\u805a\u8d77\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u56fd\u9645\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u66fe\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u8fdb\u884c\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u6e05\u6d17\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u6467\u6bc1\u4e00\u5207\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u8a00\u5f88\u5feb\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6d41\u4ea1\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u88e1\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5973\u513f\u5b63\u5a1c\u4f0a\u8fbe\uff08Zinaida\uff09\u56e0\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u4e0e\u6291\u9b31\uff0c\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u81ea\u6740\u8eab\u4ea1\u3002\u5979\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u666e\u62c9\u4e1c\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u79d1\u592b\uff08Platon Volkov\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u6355\u5e76\u6c38\u8fdc\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u59bb\u5b50\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u62c9\uff0e\u7d22\u79d1\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u5361\u5a05\uff08Alexandra Sokolovskaya\uff09\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4ecb\u7ecd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5979\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u8c22\u5c14\u76d6\uff08Sergey\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u5174\u8da3\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u4ea4\u9645\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u300c\u6bd2\u5bb3\u5de5\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u7f6a\u540d\u88ab\u6355\u2014\u2014\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u540e\u6765\u5f97\u77e5\u4ed6\u5df2\u6b7b\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5bf9\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u75c5\u6001\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u300c\u4e2a\u4eba\u62a5\u590d\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u5411\u6765\u662f\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5236\u5b9a\u9547\u538b\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u300d\uff08\u300a\u6d41\u4ea1\u4e2d\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c66\u9875\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u6e17\u900f\u8fdb\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u548c\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u56e2\u4f53\u3002\u51fa\u6ca1\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6216\u5230\u6bd4\u4e8e\u5361\u8fbe\uff08Prinkipo\uff09\u8bbf\u95ee\u534f\u52a9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4eba\u88e1\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u7591\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u2022\u5f17\u5170\u514b\uff08Jakob 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00d\uff08\u300a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c1936-37\uff0c\u7b2c44\u9875\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u6e05\u6d17\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u8001\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6216\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u3002\u6bcf\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u516c\u5ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u6210\u767e\u4e0a\u5343\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u79d8\u5bc6\u5730\u5173\u62bc\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u5317\u6781\u7684\u52b3\u6539\u8425\u7b49\u6b7b\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u76d1\u72f1\u7684\u5730\u7a96\u88e1\u88ab\u8349\u8349\u5904\u51b3\u3002\u5728\u5927\u6e05\u6d17\u4e2d\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709800\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709500\u5230600\u4e07\u4eba\u5728\u52b3\u6539\u8425\u88e1\u65e0\u4eba\u8fc7\u95ee\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u88ab\u5904\u6b7b\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff0c\u627f\u53d7\u7740\u6700\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u9547\u538b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5229\u5965\u6ce2\u5fb7\uff0e\u7279\u96f7\u4f2f\uff08Leopold Trepper\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8005\uff0c\u66fe\u88ab\u6372\u5165\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u88e1\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u6700\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u8c01\u6297\u8bae\uff1f\u8c01\u7ad9\u51fa\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u7684\u6124\u6012\uff1f\u300d\uff08\u300a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u300bThe Great Game, 1977\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u300c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6d3e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u8fd9\u4e00\u8363\u8a89\u3002\u8fd9\u7fa4\u4eba\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u8896\u4e3a\u699c\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u9886\u8896\u88ab\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7528\u51b0\u9550\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u5956\u52b1\u4ed6\u7684\u987d\u5f3a\u4e0d\u5c48\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u6218\u6597\u5230\u6b7b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u8fd9\u9ebd\u505a\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5927\u6e05\u6d17\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u51b0\u51b7\u7684\u8352\u539f\u4e0a\u5927\u58f0\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u62d6\u5230\u90a3\u88e1\u7b49\u7740\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u3002\u5728\u52b3\u6539\u8425\u88e1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4eba\u94a6\u4f69\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u82d4\u539f\u4e0a\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6d3e\u6709\u6743\u5229\u6307\u8d23\u90a3\u4e9b\u66fe\u7ecf\u72fc\u72c8\u4e3a\u5978\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8bf7\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5373\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u53d6\u4ee3\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u76ee\u7779\u9769\u547d\u906d\u5230\u80cc\u53db\u7684\u6781\u5ea6\u60b2\u75db\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u575a\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u300e\u8ba4\u7f6a\u300f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u7f6a\u5bf9\u515a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u597d\u5904\u3002\u300d\uff0856\u9875\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u5927\u6e05\u6d17\u4e5f\u4e0e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5bf9\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u53ca1936\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u5185\u6218\u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u4ecb\u5165\u6709\u5173\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u9886\u5bfc\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u519b\u4e8b\u987e\u95ee\u673a\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7684\u300c\u7279\u522b\u4efb\u52a1\u5c0f\u7ec4\u300d\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u6050\u6016\u9547\u538b\u4f38\u5411\u4e86\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u5de6\u7ffc\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u963b\u788d\u4ed6\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u4e5f\u52a0\u5f3a\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u7531\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u8c22\u591a\u592b\uff08Leon Sedov\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1936\u5e74\uff0c\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7a83\u53d6\u4e86\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3e\u65e8\u5728\u524a\u5f31\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u56de\u51fb\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5927\u5ba1\u4e2d\u9a87\u4eba\u6307\u63a7\u548c\u4f2a\u8bc1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u66f4\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u662f\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u7684\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u534f\u52a9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7740\u8ff0\u3001\u7b79\u5907\u548c\u5206\u9001\u300a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u901a\u8baf\u300b\u3001\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u9645\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u56e2\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7e6b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u4e5f\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c1937\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6000\u7591\u60a3\u4e0a\u4e86\u9611\u5c3e\u708e\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u300c\u827e\u8482\u5b89\u300d\uff08Etienne\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0b\uff0c\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u8bca\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u624b\u672f\u2014\u2014\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u5bb6\u8bca\u6240\u7531\u300c\u767d\u4fc4\u300d\u540e\u88d4\uff08\u6307\u7684\u662f\u9769\u547d\u53ca\u5185\u6218\u540e\u8fc1\u5c45\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53cd\u5bf9\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u767d\u519b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff09\u548c\u6709\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u7ecf\u8425\u3002\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u4e00\u5ea6\u4ece\u624b\u672f\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u8fc7\u6765\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b7b\u4e8e\u6781\u5ea6\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc1\u636e\u4ee5\u53ca\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u540d\u533b\u751f\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u90fd\u5c06\u6b7b\u56e0\u6307\u5411\u4e2d\u6bd2\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u75c5\u6700\u521d\u662f\u7531\u8907\u6742\u7684\u3001\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bdf\u89c9\u7684\u4e2d\u6bd2\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u611f\u4eba\u7684\u60bc\u8bcd\uff1a\u300a\u513f\u5b50\u00b7\u670b\u53cb\u00b7\u6218\u58eb\u2500\u2500\u60bc\u5217\u592b\uff0e\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c1937-38\uff0c166\uff5e179\u9875\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8d5e\u626c\u4e86\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u634d\u536b\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6b6a\u66f2\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d \uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u900f\u9732\u51fa\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u591a\u9ebd\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u5a05\uff08Natalia Sedova\uff09\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u4ed6\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u592b\u59bb\u4fe9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u9752\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u767e\u4e2a\u5b54\u9053\u4f20\u8fbe\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u4ed6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e00\u6b7b\uff0c\u7559\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u9752\u5e74\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u8ddf\u7740\u6b7b\u53bb\u4e86\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u6d88\u606f\u900f\u9732\uff0c\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u88ab\u300c\u827e\u8482\u5b89\u300d\u80cc\u53db\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7279\u52a1\uff0c\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5708\u5b50\u88e1\u7684\u95f4\u8c0d\u548c\u5978\u7ec6\u8981\u9634\u9669\u65e0\u60c5\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u827e\u8482\u5b89\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\u5176\u771f\u5b9e\u8eab\u5206\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u7d22\u5e03\u5c14\u5144\u5f1f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\u4e3a\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7f8e\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4eba\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u88ab\u6355\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u5df2\u7ecf\u72af\u4e0b\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u7684\u80cc\u53db\u3001\u6cbe\u67d3\u4e0d\u5c11\u9c9c\u8840\u3002\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u8ba9\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u8fdb\u5165\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u6863\u6848\u5ba4\uff0c\u5e76\u8d1f\u8d23\u300c\u5904\u7406\u300d\u514b\u83b1\u95e8\u7279\uff08Rudolf Klement\uff09\uff08\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c1938\u5e74\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u88ab\u8c0b\u6740\uff09\u3001\u6c83\u592b\uff08Erwin Wolf\uff09\uff08\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5e76\u57281937\u5e747\u6708\u88ab\u8c0b\u6740\uff09\u548c\u8d56\u65af\uff08Ignace Reiss\uff09\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u52a1\uff0c\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u6050\u6016\u9547\u538b\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u5ba3\u5e03\u652f\u6301\u7b2c\u56db\u56fd\u9645\uff0c1937\u5e749\u6708\u5728\u745e\u58eb\u88ab\u8c0b\u6740\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u636e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u81ea1931\u5e74\u62161932\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7279\u52a1\uff08\u4e0d\u8fc7\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ece1928\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u6ce2\u5170\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7279\u52a1\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u6770\u514b\uff0e\u7d22\u5e03\u5c14\u6709\u8054\u7e6b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u300c\u7279\u522b\u4efb\u52a1\u5c0f\u7ec4\u300d\u7684\u7279\u52a1\u6709\u8054\u7e6b\u3002\u300c\u7279\u522b\u4efb\u52a1\u5c0f\u7ec4\u300d\u5728\u5df4\u585e\u9686\u62ff\u8c0b\u6740\u4e86\u6c83\u592b\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u88e1\u8fd8\u6709\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u7740\u7684\u7231\u5ef7\u8d21\u4e0a\u6821\uff08Colonel Eitingon\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u662f\u7231\u5ef7\u8d21\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8bb8\u591a\u5047\u540d\u5728\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u6307\u6325\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u6697\u6740\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4e00\u540c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u540c\u4f19\u517c\u60c5\u4eba\uff0c\u5361\u91cc\u8fbe\u00b7\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\uff08Caridad Mercader\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5979\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u62c9\u8499\u00b7\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\uff08Ramon Mercader\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6b63\u662f\u6740\u5bb3\u4e86\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u7279\u52a1\u3002\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u8fd8\u8d1f\u8d23\u5c06\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u6253\u5165\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u5708\u5b50\u88e1\u3002\u5728\u6697\u6740\u7684\u8fd1\u4e24\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7b56\u5212\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9634\u8c0b\uff0c\u8ba9\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u5f15\u8bf1\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u683c\u6d1b\u592b\uff08Sylvia Ageloff\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5165\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5bb6\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5ba1\u5224\u548c\u8840\u8165\u5927\u6e05\u6d17<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u300c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e13\u653f\u6765\u5230\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u754c\u7ebf\u2026\u2026\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u8c0b\u6740\u4e86\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u8c22\u591a\u592b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u7d22\u5e03\u5c14\u5144\u5f1f\u3001\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u57281950\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u523060\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9003\u79bb\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6d89\u5165\u7684\u8c0b\u6740\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\u9047\u5bb3\u7684\u662f\u51fa\u8eab\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7684\u8d56\u65af\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u56e0\u4e3a\u8c34\u8d23\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u800c\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5185\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u62c5\u4efb\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7684\u5965\u5c14\u6d1b\u592b\uff08Alexander Orlov\uff09\u9003\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u8b66\u544a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u5bc6\u8c0b\u5371\u5bb3\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8b66\u544a\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u6210\u529f\u594f\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5bb3\u6015\u88ab\u5978\u7ec6\u8bef\u5bfc\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>\u4f46\u662f\u5965\u5c14\u6d1b\u592b\u5728\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u4ed6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u300a\u65af\u5927\u6797\u8083\u53cd\u79d8\u53f2\uff08The Secret History of Stalin&#8217;s Crimes\uff09\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u3001\u827e\u8482\u5b89\u548c\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\u7531\u540e\u6765\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u53db\u9003\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u514b\u91cc\u7ef4\u8328\u57fa\uff08Krivitsky\uff09\uff081941\u5e74\u88ab\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5e76\u6740\u5bb3\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u9003\u5230\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u5f7c\u5f97\u7f57\u592b\uff08Vladimir Petrov\uff09\u4e0a\u6821\u548c\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\uff0e\u970d\u8d6b\u6d1b\u592b\uff08Nikolai Khokhlov\uff09\u4e0a\u5c09\u3002\u970d\u8d6b\u6d1b\u592b\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff1a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u6697\u6740\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u7531\u7231\u5ef7\u8d21\u5c11\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u5361\u6258\u592b\uff08Katov\uff09\u5c06\u519b\u2026\u62db\u52df\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u66ff\u82cf\u8054\u60c5\u62a5\u673a\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u7275\u5236\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u8d6b\u6d1b\u592b\u8865\u5145\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u4ed6\u62db\u52df\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u5e26\u5230\u82cf\u8054\uff0c\u88ab\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5316\u540d\u9ea6\u7eb3\u5fb7\uff08Mornard\uff0c\u5373\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u6216\u300c\u6770\u514b\u68ee\u300dJacson\uff09\u5e76\u88ab\u6d3e\u81f3\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u3002\u300d\uff08\u5f15\u7528\u827e\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u5510\u00b7\u83b1\u6587Isaac Don Levine\u300a\u523a\u5ba2\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff0c1960\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c34\u9875\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6b66\u88c5\u7a81\u88ad\u4e0e\u6697\u6740<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u300c\u62a5\u5e94\u5c06\u4f1a\u56de\u5230\u5351\u52a3\u7684\u8c0b\u6740\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1937\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u3001\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u5a05\u4e0e\u4e00\u7fa4\u5173\u4fc2\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u4eba\u62b5\u8fbe\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u5361\u5fb7\u7eb3\u65af\uff08General Lazaro Cardenas\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u4e16\u4e0a\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u51c6\u4e88\u5176\u5e87\u62a4\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u5f85\u72b6\u51b5\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u8fd9\u88e1\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u76db\u5927\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u5e76\u4f4f\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u53cb\u4eba\u517c\u653f\u6cbb\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u77e5\u540d\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u753b\u5bb6\u8fed\u6208\u00b7\u91cc\u7ef4\u62c9\uff08Diego Rivera\uff09\u501f\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4f4d\u4e8e\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u57ce\u90ca\u533a\u79d1\u7ea6\u963f\u574e\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u4e2d\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u521a\u62b5\u8fbe\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u65f6\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u6b63\u6070\u9022\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u3001\u66f4\u4e3a\u602a\u8bde\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u5a05\u63d0\u53ca\u6b64\u4e8b\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u542c\u7740\u6536\u97f3\u673a\uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e0e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u5728\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\uff0c\u4ea6\u6216\u662f\u5728\u632a\u5a01\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u540c\u6837\u7684\u75af\u72c2\u3001\u8352\u5510\u3001\u6124\u6012\u3001\u53d7\u6b3a\u548c\u9c9c\u8840\u6dcb\u6f13\u4ece\u56db\u9762\u516b\u65b9\u671d\u6211\u4eec\u6c79\u6d8c\u800c\u6765\u3002\u300d\uff08\u300a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u751f\u4e0e\u6b7b\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c212\u9875\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u518d\u6b21\u63ed\u9732\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9a87\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u79c0\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5047\u8bc1\u636e\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5f7b\u5e95\u53cd\u9a73\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e13\u5bf9\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5b9e\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u66f4\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u675c\u5a01\uff08John Dewey\uff09\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u300c\u53cd\u5ba1\u5224\u300d\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u514d\u9664\u6240\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u63a7\u8bc9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8b66\u544a\u9053\uff0c\u5927\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u65b0\u4e00\u6ce2\u7684\u6050\u6016\u6d6a\u6f6e\u5408\u7406\u5316\u4e0e\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6050\u6016\u6d6a\u6f6e\u5c06\u843d\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4f1a\u5bf9\u65af\u5927\u6797\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e01\u70b9\u5c0f\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u5934\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u654c\u624b\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8ba9\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u8fc7\u5f80\u540c\u4f19\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6df1\u77e5\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5ba3\u5224\u7684\u6b7b\u7f6a\u4e0d\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u62b5\u8fbe\u90a3\u523b\u8d77\uff0c\u5fe0\u4e8e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u547c\u5401\u8981\u5bf9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u52a0\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u56de\u5e94\u4f5c\u79c0\u516c\u5ba1\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8981\u5c06\u4ed6\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u56fd\u3002\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e0e\u7531\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08CTM\uff09\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u671f\u520a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u8bfd\u8c24\u7684\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5bf9\u5361\u5fb7\u7eb3\u65af\u653f\u5e9c\u56fe\u8c0b\u4e0d\u8f68\uff0c\u8fd8\u6253\u7b97\u8ddf\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u5206\u5b50\u3001\u53cd\u52a8\u4eba\u58eb\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6e05\u695a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u6240\u7528\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3b\u4e8b\u8005\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u9009\u7968\u800c\u662f\u7528\u673a\u5173\u67aa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5\u670824\u65e5\u81f325\u65e5\u6df1\u591c\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u906d\u9047\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9047\u88ad\uff0c\u4e00\u7fa4\u6b66\u88c5\u5206\u5b50\u95ef\u5165\u4ed6\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u7528\u673a\u67aa\u626b\u5c04\u5367\u5ba4\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u84c4\u610f\u653e\u706b\u6467\u6bc1\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u6587\u7a3f\u4e0e\u6863\u6848\u5e93\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e0e\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u5a05\u4f0f\u5728\u5e8a\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u60ca\u9669\u5730\u9003\u8fc7\u4e86\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b59\u5b50\u585e\u74e6\uff08Seva\uff09\u906d\u5b50\u5f39\u8f7b\u4f24\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e78\u4e8f\u5165\u4fb5\u8005\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u9897\u5de8\u5927\u70b8\u5f39\u5e76\u672a\u7206\u70b8\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u65bd\u88ad\u8005\u662f\u7531\u4fdd\u9556\u54c8\u7279\uff08Robert Sheldon Harte\uff09\u653e\u5165\u7684\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4ed6\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u4ed6\u6240\u719f\u8bc6\u4e14\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6b3a\u9a97\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u57cb\u5728\u77f3\u7070\u5ca9\u5751\u6d1e\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u65bd\u88ad\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4f48\u5c40\u2014\u2014\u4ee3\u8868\u4ed6\u4eec\u786e\u786e\u5b9e\u5b9e\u6709\u5185\u5e94\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u6307\u8d23\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u58f0\u79f0\u54c8\u7279\u4e3a\u5e2e\u51f6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u88ab\u6b3a\u9a97\u4e86\uff0c\u50cf\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u719f\u6089\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7684\u4eba\u611a\u5f04\u4e86\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u8c01\u6bd4\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\uff08\u5916\u53f7\u300c\u6770\u514b\u68ee\u300d\uff0c1940\u5e748\u6708\u4ee5\u51b0\u9550\u523a\u6740\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8005\uff09\u66f4\u80fd\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63a8\u8bba\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u5207\u8bc1\u636e\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u5e55\u540e\u9ed1\u624b\u662f\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8eab\u540e\u64cd\u63a7\u7684\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u906d\u9047\u7a81\u88ad\u524d\u51e0\u5468\u7684\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u9884\u6599\u5230\u5c06\u6709\u4e00\u573a\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6027\u547d\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u88ad\u51fb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u6240\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u8b66\u65b9\u5f88\u5feb\u5730\u902e\u6355\u4e86\u88ad\u51fb\u8005\u4e2d\u7684\u6b21\u7ea7\u540c\u4f19\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u7acb\u523b\u4f7f\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5458\u88ab\u5b9a\u7f6a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6d89\u5acc\u4eba\u66fe\u7ecf\u53c2\u4e0e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u56fd\u9645\u7eb5\u961f\u2014\u2014\u65e9\u5df2\u56e0\u6210\u4e3a\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u7279\u5de5\u800c\u6076\u540d\u662d\u5f70\u3002\u7ebf\u7d22\u5f88\u5feb\u6307\u5411\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\uff08David Alfaro Siqueiros\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u4eba\u8ddf\u91cc\u7ef4\u62c9\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u662f\u77e5\u540d\u753b\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u91cc\u7ef4\u62c9\u7ef4\u62c9\u5927\u76f8\u8ff3\u5ead\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u662f\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u4e0e\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u6709\u8054\u7e6b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u86ee\u6a2a\u5730\u8bd5\u56fe\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u6b21\u88ad\u51fb\u4e3a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u300c\u81ea\u5bfc\u81ea\u6f14\u300d\u7684\u628a\u620f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u62b9\u9ed1\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u5361\u5fb7\u7eb3\u65af\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f46\u8b66\u65b9\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u902e\u6355\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e3b\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u5de5\u4f1a\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u65bd\u538b\uff0c\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u57281941\u5e743\u6708\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u300c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u8d28\u8bc1\u636e\u300d\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\u6ca1\u6709\u5426\u8ba4\u4ed6\u5728\u88ad\u51fb\u4e2d\u6240\u62c5\u4efb\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u516c\u5f00\u5730\u5439\u5618\u6b64\u4e8b\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u611f\u5230\u5c34\u5c2c\u4e0d\u5df2\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5168\u7136\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9\u81ea\u8eab\u540c\u88ad\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u5207\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u63a7\u7684\u56e0\u5b50\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u5bc6\u63a2\u5185\u5978\u300d\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u5a92\u4f53\u4e00\u8fb9\u79f0\u8d5e\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\u4e3a\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u53c8\u79f0\u4ed6\u4e3a\u300c\u534a\u75af\u766b\u7684\u72c2\u4eba\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5192\u9669\u5bb6\u300d\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u6536\u53d7\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\uff01\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5a92\u4f53\u4ee5\u65e0\u803b\u7684\u300c\u903b\u8f91\u300d\u65ad\u8a00\u8fd9\u6b21\u88ad\u51fb\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6311\u8845\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5e94\u7acb\u5373\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5458\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u8be5\u515a\u7684\u8d44\u6df1\u6210\u5458\u574e\u5e15\uff08Valentin Campa\uff09\uff0c\u57281978\u5e74\u7531\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u81ea\u8eab\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u65ad\u7136\u53cd\u9a73\u8be5\u515a\u5b98\u65b9\u5426\u8ba4\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f01\u56fe\u8c0b\u5bb3\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u751f\u547d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u574e\u5e15\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6458\u5f55\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u66f4\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u65e5\u62a5\u4e0a\uff081978\u5e746\u670826\u65e5\u81f327\u65e5\uff0c\u4eba\u9053\u62a5\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5f97\u5230\u8be5\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u9a6c\u5c14\u51ef\u65af\uff08George Marchais\uff09\u7684\u6388\u6743\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u6211\u4eec\u57281978\u5e7410\u6708\u51fa\u520a\u7684\u300a\u6218\u6597\u6d3e\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u574e\u5e15\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e861938\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5361\u91cc\u7565\uff08Raphael Carrillo\uff0c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u515a\u7684\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u62c9\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Herman Laborde\uff09\u53eb\u53bb\u83b7\u6089\u300c\u6781\u5176\u79d8\u5bc6\u548c\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u300d\u3002\u62c9\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u4ee3\u8868\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\u66fe\u62dc\u8bbf\u8fc7\u4ed6\uff0c\u544a\u77e5\u4ed6\u300c\u9664\u6389\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u300d\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u843d\u5b9e\u300c\u8083\u6e05\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u574e\u5e15\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5206\u6790\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u63d0\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u65e9\u5c31\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6839\u672c\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e\u96f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u5982\u6b64\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u8bf4\u8fc7\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u9664\u6389\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u9020\u6210\u6781\u5927\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u63d0\u8bae\u9664\u6389\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u300d\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u62c9\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u574e\u5e15\u88ab\u6307\u8d23\u4e3a\u300c\u5b97\u6d3e\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff0c\u4e14\u300c\u5bf9\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6301\u67d4\u548c\u6001\u5ea6\u300d\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4fbf\u88ab\u5f00\u9664\u51fa\u515a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u505a\u597d\u8c0b\u6740\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fc7\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u4e3b\u5b50\u6b8b\u9177\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff1a\u66fe\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u4ece1928\u5e74\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7279\u5de5\u4e86\uff1b\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u79d1\u591a\u7ef4\u62c9\uff08Vittoria Codovila\uff09\u66fe\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u7231\u5ef7\u8d21\u65d7\u4e0b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u4e00\u5de5\u4eba\u515a\uff08POUM\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u65af\u00b7\u5b81\uff08Andreas Nin\uff09\u7684\u4e25\u5211\u548c\u8c0b\u6740\uff1b\u6d41\u4ea1\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5207\u5361\uff08Pedro Checa\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u540d\u662f\u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u300c\u5951\u5361\u300d\u884d\u4f38\u800c\u6765\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5316\u540d\u4e3a\u7ef4\u8fbe\u5229\uff08Vittorio Vidali\uff09\u7684\u5b54\u7279\u96f7\u62c9\u65af\uff08Carlos Contreras\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u4ee5\u300c\u5361\u6d1b\u65af\uff08Carlos\uff09\u5c06\u519b\u300d\u7684\u5047\u540d\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e8e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7684\u300c\u7279\u522b\u4efb\u52a1\u5c0f\u7ec4\u300d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u7231\u5ef7\u8d21\u4e0a\u6821\u7edf\u7b79\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\u4e0e\u5176\u515a\u7fbd\u610f\u56fe\u5f3a\u884c\u5165\u4fb5\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4f4f\u5904\u5931\u8d25\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u574e\u5e15\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u884c\uff0c\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u57281940\u5e748\u670820\u65e5\u665a\u4e0a\u6697\u6740\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ece\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u7a81\u88ad\u4e2d\u9003\u8fc7\u4e00\u52ab\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u7f13\u5211\u300d\u3002\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u5a05\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u4f4f\u5904\u518d\u6b21\u906d\u5230\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u6b64\u505a\u7684\u9632\u5907\uff0c\u51b2\u6de1\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6551\u8d4e\u7684\u559c\u60a6\u4e4b\u60c5\u3002\u300d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u52a0\u5f3a\u4f4f\u5b85\u9632\u5fa1\uff0c\u4e5f\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u9884\u9632\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6000\u7591\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u6709\u51e0\u4f4d\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u6b64\u4eba\u7684\u5947\u602a\u6027\u683c\u8d77\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u540e\u4ecd\u672a\u5f7b\u5e95\u8ba4\u51fa\u6765\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u662f\u523a\u5ba2\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6297\u62d2\u4ed6\u7684\u4fdd\u5b89\u66ff\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u5b89\u4fdd\u63aa\u65bd\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba9\u4fdd\u9573\u968f\u65f6\u8ddf\u5728\u4ed6\u65c1\u8fb9\u3002\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u5a05\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u600e\u9ebd\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5b8c\u5b8c\u5168\u5168\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u81ea\u6211\u9632\u536b\u22ef\u22ef\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5b83\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u300d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9451\u4e8e\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u6697\u6740\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u63a1\u53d6\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u5e94\u53d8\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4fdd\u9573\u54c8\u7279\u88ab\u7ed1\u67b6\u7684\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4ed6\u5141\u8bb8\u52a0\u56fa\u623f\u5c4b\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u8fdb\u51fa\u5ead\u9662\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u62b1\u6028\u8bf4\u8fd9\u5f88\u7c97\u5fc3\uff0c\u8bbd\u523a\u5730\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u54c8\u7279\u88ab\u5bb3\u4e00\u5468\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u300c\u4f60\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4f60\u662f\u7c97\u5fc3\u5927\u610f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002\u300d\uff08\u7eb3\u5854\u8389\u5a05\uff0c\u300a\u7236\u5b50\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u897f\u57fa\u7f57\u65af\u7a81\u88ad\u51e0\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u9996\u6b21\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u6697\u6740\u884c\u52a8\u51c6\u5907\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e86\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5179\u535a\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u652f\u6301\u8005\u95f4\u7684\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7279\u5de5\uff0c\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u88ab\u5f15\u4ecb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u683c\u6d1b\u592b \uff08Sylvia Agaloff\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u968f\u540e\u5230\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u79d1\u7ea6\u963f\u574e\uff08Coyoacan\uff09\u4e3a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7279\u5de5\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8bf1\u60d1\u5979\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5979\u6210\u4e3a\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u7f6a\u884c\u88e1\u7684\u9690\u6027\u5e2e\u51f6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u7684\u300c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u63a9\u9970\u300d\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f15\u6765\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u5730\u662f\u4ed6\u6700\u540e\u4f9d\u65e7\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u52a0\u5165\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff0c\u5e76\u57281933-36\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u57fa\u5c42\u515a\u5458\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8be5\u515a\u65e9\u5df2\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5361\u91cc\u8fbe\u00b7\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\uff08Caridad Mercader\uff09\u65e9\u5df2\u662f\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u7279\u5de5\u5e76\u4e0e\u7231\u5ef7\u8d21\u6709\u6240\u8054\u7e6b\uff0c\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u672c\u4eba\u5927\u6982\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6bcd\u4eb2\u800c\u4e5f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u683c\u522b\u4e4c\u5e95\u4e0b\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5bf9\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7834\u574f\u4e0b\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6218\u8d25\u540e\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u4fbf\u524d\u5f80\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u4ed6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u672a\u6765\u89d2\u8272\u4f5c\u51c6\u5907\u30021938\u5e74\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u4e0e\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u5a05\uff0e\u963f\u683c\u6d1b\u592b\u4f1a\u9762\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u968f\u540e\u4e8e1\u6708\u966a\u540c\u5979\u524d\u5f80\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u4e0e\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u8ba8\u597d\u5173\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e00\u5bb6\u7684\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u4ee5\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e3a\u85c9\u53e3\u5b89\u6392\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e0e\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4f1a\u9762\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u4ee4\u4eba\u5c34\u5c2c\u5230\u8fd1\u4e4e\u65e0\u804a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5174\u8da3\u7f3a\u7f3a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6697\u6740\u7684\u300c\u5f69\u6392\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4e0b\u6b21\u6765\u662f8\u670820\u65e5\u4e0a\u5348\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7eb3\u5854\u8389\u5a05\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4fdd\u9573\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u4f46\u9ea6\u5361\u5fb7\u53c8\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u5355\u72ec\u8bbf\u89c6\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u3002\u300c\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e09\u5230\u56db\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u300d\u7eb3\u5854\u5229\u5a05\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5728\u9694\u58c1\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u88e1\uff0c\u542c\u89c1\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u523a\u8033\u53eb\u58f0\u2026\u2026\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u7ef4\u5947\uff08Lev 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It Happened\uff0c1940\u5e7411\u6708\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u300c\u7528\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u6b66\u88c5\u2026\u2026\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u300c\u60b2\u60e8\u300d\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u300c\u9ad8\u5c1a\u300d\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u6551\u836f\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u827e\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u591a\u4f0a\u5f7b\uff08Isaac 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