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\u5f7c\u5f97-\u5854\u83f2(Peter Taaffe) \u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a –\u5de5\u4eba\u56fd\u9645\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a(CWI)\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u652f\u90e81919\u5e741\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u5927\u8111\u548c\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u82f1\u96c4–\u7f57\u838e-\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u548c\u5361\u5c14\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u4e3a\u55dc\u8840\u60e8\u8d25\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u65b9\u6240\u6740\u5bb3\u3002\u61e6\u592b\u822c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8bfa\u65af\u514b\uff08Noske\uff09\u548c\u8c22\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Scheidemann\uff09\u5374\u5728\u80cc\u540e\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u519b\u65b9\u8fd9\u4e00\u65e0\u803b\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u7f57\u838e\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u7559\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u9707\u64bc\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u9769\u547d\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6740\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u58eb\u5175\u5965\u6258-\u5170\u683c(Otto Runge)\u5177\u4f53\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u8c0b\u6740\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u662f\u5177\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e0e14\u5e74\u540e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u6709\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u534f\u52a9\u6740\u5bb3\u7f57\u838e\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u7684\u51f6\u624b\u9003\u8dd1\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u5a01\u5ec9\u5361\u7eb3\u91cc\u65af(Wilhelm Canaris)20\u5e74\u540e\u638c\u63a7\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u95e8Abwehr\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6743\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u5f53\u65f6\u4e5f\u540c\u6837”\u55dc\u8840\u6210\u6027”\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u672a\u6765\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u52a0\u8bf8\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u66fe\u7ecf\u6b3a\u9a97\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u58eb\u5175\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u51af\u6cd5\u9c8d\u5c14(Von Faupel)\u572820\u5e74\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u9a7b\u4f5b\u6717\u54e5\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u5927\u4f7f\u3002\u4e3a\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e\u5c06\u519b\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u5c11\u6821\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u51af\u65bd\u83b1\u6b47\u5c14(Kurt Von Schleicher)\u57281932\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4ee5\u53ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u9886\u8def\u4eba\u3002\u5047\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u53d6\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5386\u53f2\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u58f0\u540d\u72fc\u85c9\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u6240\u72af\u4e0b\u6050\u6016\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u7f57\u838e\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u5047\u5982\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6b8b\u9177\u5730\u6740\u5bb3\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5de5\u4eba\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u968f\u540e\u76f4\u81f31923\u5e74\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u9769\u547d\u80dc\u5229\u4e2d\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u3001\u4e5f\u5c06\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5361\u5c14-\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u52c7\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f57\u838e\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u53cd\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u673a\u5668\u548c\u6dcc\u6ee1\u666e\u901a\u58eb\u5175\u9c9c\u8840\u7684\u5811\u58d5\u6218\uff1b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e0d\u77e5\u75b2\u5026\u5730\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e00\u6218\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u56fd\u9645\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u3002\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53e3\u53f7–“\u4e3b\u8981\u654c\u4eba\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u56fd\u5185”–\u71c3\u8d77\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u53cd\u6218\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5c38\u4f53\u5806\u79ef\u5982\u5c71\u4e4b\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n

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\n<\/strong>
\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7f57\u838e-\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u662f\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u80fd\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8715\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5b83\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u505a\u51fa\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a–\u53ea\u6709\u5361\u5c14\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u4e00\u4eba\u4f8b\u5916–\u6295\u7968\u652f\u6301\u5fb7\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u9884\u7b97\u62e8\u6b3e\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u548c\u5de5\u4f1a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u59a5\u534f\u548c\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\u672a\u6765\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e1905-1907\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u7206\u70b8\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u7f57\u838e-\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u9010\u6e10\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7b28\u62d9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u5668\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5979\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u6700\u521d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6ce2\u5170\u4eba\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u6ce2\u5170\u738b\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a(SDKP)\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u515a(RSDLP)\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u5f52\u5316\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6765\u81ea\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u76ee\u51fb\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u4e0b\u5c42\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5979\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u548c\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e2d\u65e5\u8d8b\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u672a\u6765\u9769\u547d\u7206\u53d1\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u593a\u53d6\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5979\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u5217\u5b81\u66f4\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u70ed\u60c5\u5730\u6295\u5165\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56fd\u9645\u6210\u5458\u7684”\u6a21\u8303”\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5982\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u770b\u4f5c\u5bfc\u5e08\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6307\u51fa\uff1a”\u5217\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u662f\u5176\u5bfc\u5e08\u5e76\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u5230\u5904\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u671f\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u5185\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u9488\u5bf9\u500d\u500d\u5c14–\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u8fdb\u884c\u539f\u5219\u6027\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8e2a\u8ff9\u3002”\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5217\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f57\u838e-\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u65e5\u76ca\u9488\u5bf9\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6709\u4e9b\u5938\u5927\u5176\u8bcd\u3002\u57281905\u5e74\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u540d\u8457\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a”\u6211\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u66fe\u7ecf\u628a\u2018\u500d\u500d\u5c14\u548c\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4e3b\u4e49’\u53eb\u4f5c\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f……\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u540c\u500d\u500d\u5c14\u548c\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u4e24\u4eba\u95f4\u6709\u8fc7\u54ea\u6015\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5206\u6b67\uff1f……\u56fd\u9645\u9769\u547d\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7b56\u7565\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65e0\u53ef\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002”<\/p>\n

\u5217\u5b81\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u6027\u653f\u515a\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4e0e\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u51b5\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4e8e1914\u5e748\u67084\u65e5\u8d5e\u6210\u6218\u4e89\u62e8\u6b3e\u7684\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684\u6295\u7968\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u7684\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u548c\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u5965\u6258-\u5112\u52d2(Otto R\u00fchle)\u4e24\u4eba\u6295\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u7968\u5916\uff0c110\u540d\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4f59\u4ee3\u8868\u90fd\u6295\u4e86\u8d5e\u6210\u7968\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5f53\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u62a5\u7eb8 \u300a\u524d\u8fdb\u300b(Vorw\u00e4rts)\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u5176\u652f\u6301\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u4eba\u5458\u4f2a\u9020\u7684\u3002\u7f57\u838e\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\u5df2\u7ecf\u6295\u5165\u5230\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e0e”\u5de6\u7ffc”\u548c”\u4e2d\u6d3e” \u5982\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e5f\u5728\u5176\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0d\u65ad\u9769\u547d\u8bba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u77bb\u671b\u300b(1906\u5e74)\u4e2d\u9884\u89c1\u8fd9\u4e00\u72b6\u51b5\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\uff1a”\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4e2d\u968f\u7740\u5e7f\u5927\u7fa4\u4f17\u8f6c\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u53d8\u5f97\u6108\u6765\u6108\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6709\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u515a\u5185\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u6108\u6765\u6108\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f53\u73b0\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u6210\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u53cd\u52a8\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u516c\u5f00\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u969c\u788d\u3002”\u5728\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\u300a\u6211\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u300b\u4e2d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5199\u9053\uff1a”\u6211\u4e0d\u66fe\u671f\u671b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u9886\u8896\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u80fd\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u521b\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e5f\u4e07\u4e07\u6ca1\u6709\u6599\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5c45\u7136\u80fd\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5974\u989c\u5a62\u819d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u884c\u52a8
\n<\/strong>
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\u603b\u7f62\u5de5<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u7fa4\u4f17\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c
\n<\/strong>
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\u7f57\u838e-\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56fd\u9645\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ee3\u8868\u6d41\u4ea1\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce2\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u7968\u3002\u5979\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u9645\u5c40\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6b63\u5982\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u5e03\u6d1b\uff08Pierre Brou\u00e9\uff09\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a”\u5979\u9664\u4e86\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u6279\u56f4\u7ed5\u5728\u5979\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5916\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u5185\u90e8\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u3001\u4e00\u672c\u6742\u5fd7\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u542c\u4f17\u3002”<\/p>\n

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\u5fb7\u56fd\u57281918\u5e74\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e2\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u6240\u5904\u7684\u5f62\u52bf\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d4\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u5728\u5f53\u5e747\u6708\u6240\u5904\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u6001\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u5047\u5982\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e0e\u5168\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u9694\u7edd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6b21\u632b\u6298\u6216\u8005\u5931\u8d25\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5361\u5c14-\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u548c\u7f57\u838e\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u906d\u5230\u6740\u5bb3\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u72b6\u51b5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u597d\u6bd4\u57281917\u5e747\u6708\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u540c\u65f6\u906d\u5230\u6697\u6740\u3002\u4e24\u4f4d\u901a\u8fc7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u5fd7\u9886\u5bfc\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u9886\u8896\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u4e86\u3002\u5217\u5b81–\u5c31\u4e2a\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u6781\u4e3a\u8c26\u900a–\u4e5f\u6df1\u77e5\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u6b65\u9aa4\u8eb2\u85cf\u5728\u82ac\u5170,\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u843d\u5165\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4fdd\u7f57-\u5229\u672a(Paul Levi)\u7b49\u4eba\u6566\u4fc3\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c3d\u5feb\u79bb\u5f00\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u548c\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u4ecd\u7136\u7559\u5728\u57ce\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u4e4b\u540e\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eca\u540e\u907f\u514d\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u56e0\u7d20–\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u6781\u5de6\u7ffc\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u9707\u64bc\u4e16\u754c\u76841923\u5e74\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u5f53\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u7f57\u838e\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f17\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u654f\u9510\u76f4\u89c9\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u5468\u8fb9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u72af\u4e0b\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u5e03\u5170\u5fb7\u52d2\uff08Heinrich Brandler\uff09\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6240\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u653e\u4efb\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u63a8\u8fdb\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8f6c\u53d8\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u673a\u9047\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u4e0e\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u90fd\u5e94\u4f4d\u5217\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5148\u8d24\u884c\u5217\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f57\u838e-\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5979\u5b8c\u5168\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u6069\u683c\u65af\u3001\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9f50\u80a9\u800c\u7acb\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u5979\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e3a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u5979\u4e3a\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u800c\u6b22\u547c\u3002\u59791918 \u5e74\u5199\u4e8e\u72f1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e66–\u5bf9\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u653f\u6743\u7684\u6279\u8bc4–\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u9694\u7edd\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5f53\u4ece\u76d1\u72f1\u51fa\u6765\u540e\uff0c\u5979\u88ab\u8bf4\u670d\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5c1d\u8bd5\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5979\u6700\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u548c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u5979\u4ecd\u7136\u5199\u9053\uff1a”\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u5185\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u8d21\u732e\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\u3001\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8fdc\u89c1\u548c\u4e00\u8d2f\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u5217\u5b81\u3001\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u5fd7\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa…\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5341\u6708\u8d77\u4e49\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ece\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u633d\u6551\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u633d\u6551\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u3002”\u53ea\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u7740\u82f1\u96c4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6000\u6709\u6076\u610f\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u5728\u5979\u6b7b\u540e\u4f20\u64ad\u4e86\u8fd9\u4efd\u6750\u6599\u4ee5\u8bd5\u56fe\u5206\u5316\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u3001\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u6ce2\u5170\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u72af\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5979\u5728\u533a\u5206\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u548c\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4e5f\u72af\u6709\u9519\u8bef\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5230\u4e861914\u5e747\u6708\u5979\u4ecd\u652f\u6301\u4e3b\u5f20\u7edf\u4e00\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5982\u5217\u5b81\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898”\u8d44\u672c\u79ef\u7d2f\u8bba”\u4e0a\u4e5f\u72af\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u540c\u6837\u8bf4\u8fc7”\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5979\u72af\u8fc7\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u5979\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u9e70”\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u9752\u5e74\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u597d\u597d\u7814\u7a76\u5979\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6597\u4e89\u4f5c\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

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