{"id":28374,"date":"2021-04-06T10:09:08","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T02:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/?page_id=28374"},"modified":"2021-04-06T10:11:28","modified_gmt":"2021-04-06T02:11:28","slug":"%e5%85%b1%e7%94%a2%e9%bb%a8%e5%ae%a3%e8%a8%80%e4%b9%9d%e5%8d%81%e9%80%b1%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%881937%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/zh-hant\/%e5%85%b1%e7%94%a2%e9%bb%a8%e5%ae%a3%e8%a8%80%e4%b9%9d%e5%8d%81%e9%80%b1%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%881937%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e5d\u5341\u9031\u5e74\uff081937\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-zone\"><div class=\"tdc_zone tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\"  >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div id=\"tdi_3\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_4  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4,\r\n                .tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_4,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n\/* inline tdc_css att - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n.tdi_4{\nmargin-top:50px !important;\n}\n\n.tdi_4 .td_block_wrap{ text-align:left }\n\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_6  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span8\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_6{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper wpb_text_column td_block_wrap td_block_wrap vc_column_text tdi_7  tagdiv-type td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\"  data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_7\" >\n<style>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.vc_column_text > .td-element-style{\r\n\t\t\t\t\tz-index: -1;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"td-fix-index\"><h3 class=\"title1\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e5d\u5341\u9031\u5e74<\/h3>\n<p class=\"author\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa<\/p>\n<p class=\"date\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u5289\u5b87\u51e1\u8b6f<\/p>\n<div class=\"a1\">\u3000\u3000\uff08\u7de8\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u662f\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u57281937\u5e74\u70ba\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u5357\u975e\u6587\u8b6f\u672c\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u3002\u7576\u6642\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5167\u6230\u4ecd\u7136\u6700\u5f8c\u52dd\u8ca0\u672a\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8def\u7dda\u5df2\u4fc3\u4f7f\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5f9e\u5931\u6557\u8d70\u5411\u5931\u6557\u3002\u800c\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u50b3\u7d71\u5de5\u4eba\u653f\u9ee8\u7684\u53db\u8ce3\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7121\u6cd5\u963b\u6b62\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u570b\u5bb6\u767c\u52d5\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u65e5\u76ca\u8feb\u8fd1\u3002\u6258\u6c0f\u5728\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u9808\u8981\u96a8\u6642\u4ee3\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u8981\u4fee\u8a02\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8b6f\u81eaWritings of Leon Trotsky\uff0c 1937-38\uff0cPathfinder Press\uff0cnew york\uff0c1970\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u96e3\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ea\u6b20\u5341\u5e74\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e00\u767e\u9031\u5e74\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u672c\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\u6240\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u5929\u624d\uff0c\u8d85\u904e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u51fa\u7248\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u5011\u9084\u8981\u88ab\u5b83\u7684\u7368\u5275\u6027\u6240\u9707\u64bc\u3002\u5176\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7ae0\u7bc0\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u6628\u5929\u624d\u5beb\u5c31\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u7121\u53ef\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5169\u4f4d\u5e74\u9752\u4f5c\u8005\uff08\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u6642\u5e74\u5eff\u4e5d\uff0c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5eff\u4e03\uff09\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u524d\u8f29\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u4e5f\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5f8c\u4f86\u8005\uff0c\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u90fd\u66f4\u80fd\u9ad8\u77bb\u9060\u77da\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u65e9\u5728\u51761872\u5e74\u7248\u7684\u5408\u5beb\u7684\u5e8f\u88e1\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u8207\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5c31\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u6b21\u8981\u6bb5\u843d\u5df2\u904e\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u662f\u89ba\u5f97\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6b0a\u5229\u53bb\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u7a3f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5ba3\u8a00\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u5345\u4e94\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u4efd\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u737b\u3002\u81ea\u90a3\u6642\u8d77\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u53c8\u518d\u904e\u4e86\u516d\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u4e86\u3002\u5ba3\u8a00\u500b\u5225\u6bb5\u843d\u4ea6\u96a8\u800c\u5411\u5f8c\u6d88\u96b1\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5617\u8a66\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u627c\u8981\u5730\u8ac7\u8ac7\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6709\u5176\u5168\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u5927\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u767c\u63ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7531\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\u624d\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6280\u5de7\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u5b8c\u5168\u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u4e8b\u8b8a\u7684\u8003\u9a57\u548c\u6575\u610f\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u5b83\u6210\u70ba\u7576\u4eca\u4eba\u985e\u601d\u60f3\u6700\u5bf6\u8cb4\u5de5\u5177\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6240\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u7a0b\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u89e3\u91cb\u90fd\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u65ac\u91d8\u622a\u9435\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0d\u66fe\u5438\u6536\u6b77\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u8aaa\u505a\u4e00\u500b\u9769\u547d\u6230\u58eb\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u505a\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u7d20\u990a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c0\u5bdf\u5bb6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u958b\u5b97\u660e\u7fa9\u5730\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u5207\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u90fd\u662f\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u300d\u9019\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u662f\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u8ad6\u6240\u63a8\u6f14\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5b83\u7acb\u523b\u6210\u70ba\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u53cd\u52d5\u7684\u507d\u5584\u8005\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u689d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4ee5\u81f3\u552f\u5fc3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3e\u6240\u7279\u5225\u60e1\u6bd2\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5b83\u628a\u7269\u8cea\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u9b25\u722d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u300c\u5171\u540c\u798f\u5229\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u5718\u7d50\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b77\u53f2\u52d5\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5f8c\u4f86\u5f9e\u5de5\u4eba\u904b\u52d5\u4e5f\u62db\u52df\u5230\u540c\u9053\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u8b02\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6309\u7167\u968e\u7d1a\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u968e\u7d1a\u8abf\u548c\u8ad6\u4f86\u4fee\u6b63\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u9019\u689d\u8def\u7dda\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u70ba\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0\uff08\u6240\u8b02\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff09\u7684\u53ef\u9119\u7684\u4e0d\u8096\u9580\u5f92\u6240\u8ffd\u96a8\uff1a\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u300d\u653f\u7b56\u5c31\u662f\u6e90\u65bc\u5c0d\u968e\u7d1a\u6597\u898f\u5f8b\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u793e\u6703\u77db\u76fe\u63a8\u5411\u9054\u5230\u6700\u7dca\u5f35\u6700\u5c16\u92b3\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u8b93\u300a\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u5f97\u5230\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u7121\u53ef\u6bd4\u64ec\u7684\u52dd\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u628a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f5c\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u968e\u6bb5\u4f86\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u5256\uff0c\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d1867\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u8ad6\u300b\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u65e9\u5728\u300a\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u88e1\u5df2\u7d93\u628a\u90a3\u65e5\u5f8c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8981\u9ede\u78ba\u5b9a\u5730\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\uff1a\u52de\u52d5\u529b\u7684\u5831\u916c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u5176\u518d\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\uff1b\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u4f54\u6709\u4e86\u5269\u9918\u50f9\u503c\uff1b\u7af6\u722d\u4e4b\u4f5c\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff1b\u4e2d\u7b49\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u7834\u7522\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u57ce\u5e02\u5c0f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u53ca\u8fb2\u6c11\u7684\u7834\u7522\uff1b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u8ca1\u5bcc\u65e5\u76ca\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4eba\u6578\u65e5\u5c11\u7684\u8ca1\u4e3b\u624b\u4e0a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u589e\u9577\uff1b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\u9810\u5099\u4e86\u7269\u8cea\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u56db\uff09\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u50be\u5411\u7e3d\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u751a\u800c\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u8b8a\u6210\u8d64\u8ca7\u8005\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u53d7\u5230\u6392\u5c71\u5012\u6d77\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3001\u90e8\u9577\u3001\u8a18\u8005\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u3001\u5de5\u6703\u9818\u8896\uff0c\u7121\u4e00\u4e0d\u4e0a\u524d\u53cd\u5c0d\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u8ca7\u56f0\u5316\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u61c8\u5730\u5728\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u88e1\u9762\u767c\u6398\u51fa\u7a2e\u7a2e\u589e\u9577\u4e2d\u7684\u7e41\u69ae\uff0c\u628a\u5de5\u4eba\u8cb4\u65cf\u7576\u4f5c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u4f86\u62db\u6416\u649e\u9a19\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u628a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u7576\u4f5c\u6301\u4e45\u8da8\u52e2\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5373\u7f8e\u570b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5176\u767c\u5c55\u4e5f\u628a\u767e\u842c\u8a08\u5de5\u4eba\u8b8a\u6210\u8d64\u8ca7\u8005\uff0c\u9760\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u7576\u5730\u5e02\u5e9c\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u6148\u5584\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\u800c\u751f\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u300a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u628a\u5de5\u5546\u696d\u5371\u6a5f\u63cf\u5beb\u70ba\u5c64\u51fa\u4e0d\u7aae\u3001\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u707d\u96e3\u3002\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u65b7\u8a00\u6258\u8fa3\u65af<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn02\" name=\"_ftnref02\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u5728\u570b\u5167\u548c\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u6703\u4fdd\u8b49\u5e02\u5834\u53d7\u5230\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u9010\u6f38\u5ee2\u9664\u5371\u6a5f\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u548c\u672c\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u78ba\u5be6\u597d\u6bd4\u75be\u98a8\u9a5f\u96e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5371\u6a5f\u770b\u4f3c\u5076\u7136\u7684\u505c\u9813\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u5df2\u7d93\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u8fd4\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u5206\u6790\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u90a3\u4e00\u908a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u516d\uff09\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u9580\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u6574\u500b\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7f77\u4e86\u3002\u300d\u9019\u500b\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u9818\u8896\u8996\u70ba\u65b0\u805e\u8a18\u8005\u5f0f\u7684\u8b2c\u8ad6\u7684\u7c21\u660e\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u860a\u542b\u4e86\u6709\u95dc\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6240\u4e00\u624b\u88fd\u4f5c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\u53ca\u8003\u8328\u57fa<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn03\" name=\"_ftnref03\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u6240\u4ee5\u70ba\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7a7a\u888b\u5b50\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5bb9\u5730\u586b\u5145\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u968e\u7d1a\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ea\u80fd\u70ba\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u52d9\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u300d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u7531\u52c3\u502b\u9084\u662f\u856d\u7576\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u7531\u5361\u5df4\u5217\u7f85\u9084\u662f\u7531\u5167\u683c\u6797\u7b49\u9818\u5c0e<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn04\" name=\"_ftnref04\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u300c\u7ba1\u7406\u6574\u500b\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7f77\u4e86\u300d\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u9019\u500b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0d\u5584\uff0c\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u5b83\u4e00\u8173\u8e22\u958b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e03\uff09\u300c\u4e00\u5207\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u90fd\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u9b25\u722d\u3002\u300d\u300c\u7121\u7522\u8005\u7d44\u7e54\u6210\u70ba\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u3014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u3015\u7d44\u7e54\u6210\u70ba\u653f\u9ee8\u3002\u300d\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5de5\u806f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7121\u653b\u5e9c\u5de5\u5718\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u9577\u671f\u9593\u907f\u514d\u77ad\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u6b77\u53f2\u898f\u5f8b\uff0c\u5230\u73fe\u5728\u9084\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u300d\u5de5\u806f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u907f\u96e3\u6240\uff08\u7f8e\u570b\uff09\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6bc0\u6ec5\u6027\u7684\u6253\u64ca<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn05\" name=\"_ftnref05\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u5718\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5247\u5728\u5176\u6700\u5f8c\u64da\u9ede\u2014\u2014\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u2014\u2014\u906d\u5230\u7121\u53ef\u6062\u5fa9\u7684\u5931\u6557\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u8b49\u660e\u300a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e4b\u6b63\u78ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u516b\uff09\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u5167\u596a\u53d6\u653f\u6b0a\u3002\u300c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u516c\u958b\u5ba3\u4f48\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e00\u5207\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\u624d\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u300d\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4f01\u5716\u62ff\u7576\u6642\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u6709\u6b20\u6210\u719f\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u4e4b\u6b20\u7f3a\u767c\u5c55\u89e3\u91cb\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e0a\u8ff0\u898b\u89e3\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u5fb7\u570b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u5176\u5b83\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u547d\u904b\u2014\u2014\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u4e4b\u88ab\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u7d0d\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ca\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u2014\u2014\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u6b20\u7f3a\u6210\u719f\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u6b63\u662f\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6a19\u8a18\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e5d\uff09\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u9032\u884c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u628a\u6b0a\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u88e1\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6b0a\u529b\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u8981\u8db3\u4ee5\u7838\u788e\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u653e\u5728\u901a\u5411\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u969c\u7919\u3002\u300c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7d44\u7e54\u70ba\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u7d1a\u300d\u2014\u2014\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u5c08\u653f\u3002<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn06\" name=\"_ftnref06\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0\u540c\u6642\u5b83\u53c8\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u53ca\u6df1\u5ea6\u6c7a\u5b9a\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u6b77\u53f2\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u8d8a\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u63a1\u53d6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u5c08\u653f\u5c31\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u66f4\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u66f4\u6709\u5f48\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u6703\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u3001\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u5341\uff09\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6027\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u9810\u5148\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6027\u3002\u300c\u806f\u5408\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5404\u6587\u660e\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u806f\u5408\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u9996\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u300d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u661f\u7403\u7684\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u300c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u300d\u6216\u662f\u300c\u91ce\u883b\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u90fd\u7e1d\u5bc6\u5730\u4ea4\u7e54\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u5730\u8207\u65b7\u7136\u5730\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u3002\u8607\u806f\u5b98\u50da\u4f01\u5716\u628a\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e00\u7b46\u52fe\u92b7\u3002\u8607\u806f\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u7279\u4e3b\u7fa9<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn07\" name=\"_ftnref07\">[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u7684\u58ae\u843d\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u570b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u8b2c\u8aa4\u7684\u6700\u6709\u529b\u4e4b\u5beb\u7167\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u5341\u4e00\uff09\u300c\u5728\u767c\u5c55\u9032\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7576\u968e\u7d1a\u5dee\u5225\u5df2\u7d93\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u5168\u90e8\u751f\u7522\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u806f\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u88e1\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u516c\u773e\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u8cea\u3002\u300d\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002\u793e\u6703\u7336\u5b58\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f9e\u62d8\u675f\u8863\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u5225\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u8607\u806f\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u53ef\u6015\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u662f\u793e\u6703\u9060\u96e2\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7121\u53ef\u8faf\u99c1\u7684\u5370\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u5341\u4e8c\uff09\u300c\u5de5\u4eba\u7121\u7956\u570b\u3002\u300d\u5ba3\u8a00\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u4e0d\u53ea\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u5eb8\u4eba\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u7d14\u70ba\u9f13\u52d5\u800c\u4f5c\u7684\u5999\u8a9e\u3002\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u70ba\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5728\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u300c\u7956\u570b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u552f\u4e00\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u91dd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn08\" name=\"_ftnref08\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u4e4b\u9055\u53cd\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65b9\u91dd\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u5e36\u4f86\u56db\u5e74\u7684\u7834\u58de\uff08\u8b6f\u6309\uff1a\u6307\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u6230\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u5e36\u4f86\u773c\u524d\u7684\u505c\u6eef\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u5927\u6230\u884c\u5c07\u964d\u81e8\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\u4e4b\u53db\u8ce3\u70ba\u5927\u6230\u92ea\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u7956\u570b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5ba3\u8a00\u4ecd\u662f\u70ba\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u9867\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn09\" 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title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn010\" 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title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn011\" name=\"_ftnref011\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0\u6b77\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u6703\u8b70\u7684\u6c7a\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u8b1b\u904e\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u5b78\u8aaa\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u8017\u76e1\u5176\u6f5b\u80fd\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u500b\u904e\u6642\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u4e0d\u52a0\u62b5\u6297\u5c31\u8b93\u4f4d\u65bc\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8b8a\u9769\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u9810\u5148\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\u5c07\u767c\u751f\u6700\u53b2\u5bb3\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\uff0c\u5373\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6b64\u4e00\u6216\u5f7c\u4e00\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8b49\u660e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u5927\u7121\u754f\u7684\u4e00\u64ca\u4f86\u63a8\u7ffb\u90a3\u904e\u6642\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u91d1\u878d\u8cc7\u672c\u5728\u5176\u529b\u5716\u7dad\u6301\u5176\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6703\u4f7f\u5c0f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7834\u7522\u53ca\u9677\u65bc\u8ff7\u60d8\uff0c\u4e26\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u8b8a\u6210\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6bba\u622e\u968a\u3002\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u58ae\u843d\uff0c\u8207\u5c0f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u58ae\u843d\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u570b\u5bb6\u9032\u884c\u7684\u6b3a\u9a19\u7fa4\u773e\u53ca\u4f7f\u5176\u55aa\u5931\u9b25\u5fd7\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u8af8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u66f4\u70ba\u8086\u7121\u5fcc\u619a\u3002\u901a\u904e\u5c60\u6bba\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5148\u92d2\u968a\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u90a3\u4e9b\u653e\u7e31\u7684\u50f1\u50ad\u8ecd\u4e0d\u50c5\u70ba\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u92ea\u5e73\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5206\u64d4\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u4e0d\u5c11\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u570b\u969b\u9769\u547d\u7684\u66e0\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6b63\u5728\u65e5\u76ca\u8b8a\u6210\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u2014\u2014\u6b78\u6839\u7a76\u62b5\u9084\u662f\u9769\u547d\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u70ba\u90a3\u500b\u5049\u5927\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7e7c\u627f\u8005\u2014\u2014\u800c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u5247\u69cb\u6210\u9019\u500b\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u6700\u5bf6\u8cb4\u7684\u74b0\u7bc0\u2014\u2014\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u6b63\u70ba\u90a3\u820a\u4efb\u52d9\u4e4b\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u800c\u6559\u80b2\u8457\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u5e79\u90e8\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u5c31\u662f\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u5c0d\u9769\u547d\u7406\u8ad6\u63a1\u53d6\u8aa0\u5be6\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u5c0d\u6539\u9020\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u5927\u9678\u7684\u5357\u7aef\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u628a\u300a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u8b6f\u6210\u5357\u975e\u8a9e\u6587\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5171\u540c\u601d\u60f3\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u9bae\u660e\u5730\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u4eca\u5929\u53ea\u751f\u5b58\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u65d7\u4e0b\u3002\u672a\u4f86\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u6176\u795d\u300a\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e00\u767e\u9031\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u661f\u7403\u4e0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u9769\u547d\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"60%\" \/>\n<p><b>\u6ce8\u3000\u91cb<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\uff1a\u53c8\u540d\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\uff0c1919\u5e74\u7531\u4fc4\u5171\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5404\u570b\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u767c\u8d77\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u58ae\u843d\u5f8c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8ca0\u8d77\u4e16\u754c\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u30021943\u5e74\u65af\u5927\u6797\u70ba\u8a0e\u597d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76df\u53cb\u800c\u5c07\u90a3\u500b\u65e9\u5df2\u96a8\u8607\u806f\u58ae\u843d\u800c\u58ae\u843d\u7684\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u5404\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u672c\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u652f\u90e8\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u662f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u57281935\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u662f\u8981\u5404\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4e00\u8d77\u8207\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u9ee8\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u7db1\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u7d44\u7e54\u806f\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref02\" name=\"_ftn02\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u6258\u8fa3\u65af\uff1a\u662f\u82f1\u6587trust\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\u58df\u65b7\u8cc7\u672c\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u82e5\u5e72\u500b\u751f\u7522\u540c\u985e\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u806f\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u58df\u65b7\u92b7\u552e\u5e02\u5834\u3001\u539f\u6599\u4f9b\u61c9\u53ca\u6295\u8cc7\u7bc4\u570d\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53d6\u5f97\u58df\u65b7\u5229\u6f64\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref03\" name=\"_ftn03\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\uff081850-1932\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6d3e\u7684\u9818\u8896\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4f7f\u968e\u7d1a\u77db\u76fe\u9010\u6f38\u7de9\u548c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9808\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\uff1a\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5be6\u73fe\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u8cf4\u65bc\u5de5\u4eba\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u8cf4\u65bc\u85c9\u8457\u8b70\u6703\u6d3b\u52d5\u4f86\u9054\u81f4\u7684\u6539\u826f\u3002\u8003\u8328\u57fa\uff081854-1938\uff09\u3002\u76f4\u81f3\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u6642\u4ecd\u662f\u5fb7\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4e2d\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u6d3e\u9818\u8896\u3002\u5927\u6230\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\u4ed6\u62cb\u68c4\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u4e26\u4e14\u53cd\u5c0d\u4fc4\u570b\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8003\u8328\u57fa\uff081854-1938\uff09\u3002\u76f4\u81f3\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u6642\u4ecd\u662f\u5fb7\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4e2d\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u6d3e\u9818\u8896\u3002\u5927\u6230\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\u4ed6\u62cb\u68c4\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u4e26\u4e14\u53cd\u5c0d\u4fc4\u570b\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref04\" name=\"_ftn04\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0Leon Blum\uff081872-1950\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\u5345\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u9818\u8896\uff0c1936\u5e74\u6210\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c46\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7e3d\u7406\u3002<br \/>\nCamille Chautemps\uff081885-1963\uff09\u6cd5\u570b\u6fc0\u9032\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\u4eba\uff0c1930\u53ca1933-1934\u5e74\u51fa\u4efb\u7e3d\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u8ca1\u653f\u919c\u805e\u4e0b\u53f0\u3002<br \/>\nLargo Caballero\uff081869-1946\uff09\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u9818\u8896\uff0c1936\u5e749\u6708\u81f31937\u5e745\u6708\u51fa\u4efb\u7e3d\u7406\u3002<br \/>\nJuan Negvin Lopez\uff081889-1956\uff09\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u548c\u570b\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u4efb\u7e3d\u7406, \u5c6c\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\uff0c\u5167\u6230\u5f8c\u6d41\u4ea1\u6cd5\u570b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref05\" name=\"_ftn05\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0\u7f8e\u570b\u5de5\u4eba\u904b\u52d5\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u4e00\u76f4\u907f\u514d\u904e\u554f\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u856d\u689d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de5\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u8a31\u591a\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u7522\u696d\u5de5\u6703\uff0c\u672c\u4f86\u5927\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u4fc3\u6210\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u6703\u9818\u8896\u5011\u8ff7\u4fe1\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7f85\u65af\u798f\u7e3d\u7d71\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u300c\u65b0\u653f\u300d\u7684\u5b98\u54e1\u90fd\u662f\u52de\u5de5\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u4f7f\u5de5\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u57281937\u5e74\u906d\u53d7\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6253\u64ca\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u67095\u670830\u65e5\u5728\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5c0d\u7f77\u5de5\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref06\" name=\"_ftn06\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0\u5c08\u653f\uff1a\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u6709\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u548c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5834\u5408\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u8aaa\u300c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\u300d\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6240\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u638c\u63e1\u7d71\u6cbb\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e26\u4e0d\u542b\u6709\u9ad8\u58d3\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u4ee5\u70ba\u9019\u540d\u8a5e\u542b\u6709\u9ad8\u58d3\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e26\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u99ac\u6069\u7684\u539f\u610f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7d44\u7e54\u70ba\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u7d1a\u300d\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u8207\u300c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u4e5f\u6beb\u7121\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u6bd4\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u66f4\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff09\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u624d\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u800c\u5065\u5168\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref07\" name=\"_ftn07\">[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u7279\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1aBonapartism\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\u5728\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\uff1a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6b0a\u529b\u6b78\u4e00\u4eba\u7d71\u8f44\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u4efd\u4ee5\u81f3\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u5404\u500b\u968e\u7d1a\u5be6\u884c\u7368\u88c1\uff0c\u4e26\u51cc\u99d5\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7576\u6642\u6240\u5f15\u70ba\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u5c31\u662f\u6cd5\u570b\u7684\u8def\u6613\uff0e\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u7279\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281851\u5e74\u767c\u52d5\u653f\u8b8a\u5f8c\u6210\u70ba\u62ff\u7834\u4f96\u7b2c\u4e09\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u501f\u7528\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u90a3\u5728\u5eff\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0b\u534a\u671f\u7be1\u596a\u4e86\u8607\u806f\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5c08\u5236\uff08\u7531\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref08\" name=\"_ftn08\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\uff1a\u6210\u7acb\u65bc1889\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u5404\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u9b06\u6563\u7684\u570b\u969b\u806f\u76df\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5c0d\u63a8\u52d5\u4e16\u754c\u5de5\u4eba\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f461914\u5e74\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u90fd\u62cb\u68c4\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u652f\u6301\u5176\u672c\u570b\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u5e9c\u53c3\u6230\uff0c\u5fb9\u5e95\u8b8a\u6210\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref09\" name=\"_ftn09\">[9]<\/a>\u00a0\u5df4\u9ece\u516c\u793e\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5de5\u4eba\u653f\u5e9c\u30021871\u5e74\u6cd5\u570b\u5728\u666e\u6cd5\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u5176\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6295\u964d\u653f\u7b56\u6fc0\u8d77\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0d\u6eff\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u4e26\u767c\u52d5\u8d77\u7fa9\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u5df4\u9ece\u516c\u793e\u300272\u65e5\u4e4b\u5f8c\u70ba\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref010\" name=\"_ftn010\">[10]<\/a>\u00a0\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\uff1aSoviet\u4e00\u8a5e\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u539f\u610f\u662f\u300c\u4ee3\u8868\u6703\u8b70\u300d\u30021905\u5e74\u7684\u4fc4\u570b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u81ea\u767c\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u300c\u5de5\u4eba\u4ee3\u8868\u6703\u8b70\u300d\uff0c\u5373\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u30021917\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u6240\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u66f4\u70ba\u6df1\u523b\u800c\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u8fb2\u6c11\u53ca\u5175\u58eb\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u3002\u9769\u547d\u6210\u529f\u5f8c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u6210\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u6a5f\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref011\" name=\"_ftn011\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\uff1a\u7531\u6d41\u653e\u570b\u5916\u7684\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6240\u9818\u5c0e\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u65bc1938\u5e74\u3002\u76f4\u81f31933\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u81ea\u7a31\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\u5167\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u3002\u5e0c\u7279\u62c9\u57281933\u5e74\u4e0a\u53f0\u5f8c\u624d\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u6210\u7acb\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b64\u6642\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u624d\u8a8d\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\u5df2\u7d93\u58ae\u843d\u5230\u7121\u53ef\u6539\u826f\uff08\u5b83\u4e4b\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e0a\u5e6b\u52a9\u4e86\u5e0c\u7279\u62c9\u4e0a\u53f0\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u660e\u8b49\uff09\uff0c\u9808\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u570b\u969b\u4f86\u7e7c\u627f\u4e16\u754c\u5de5\u4eba\u9769\u547d\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_column tdi_9  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span4 td-is-sticky\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_9{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_9 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_9 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_9 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_9 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_9 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" data-sticky-enabled-on=\"W3RydWUsdHJ1ZSx0cnVlLHRydWVd\" data-sticky-offset=\"20\" data-sticky-is-width-auto=\"W2ZhbHNlLGZhbHNlLGZhbHNlLGZhbHNlXQ==\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper td_block_wrap vc_widget_sidebar tdi_11 \" 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