{"id":28705,"date":"2021-04-12T17:10:29","date_gmt":"2021-04-12T09:10:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/?page_id=28705"},"modified":"2021-04-12T17:13:05","modified_gmt":"2021-04-12T09:13:05","slug":"%e6%89%98%e6%b4%9b%e8%8c%a8%e5%9f%ba%ef%bc%9a%e9%81%8e%e6%b8%a1%e7%b6%b1%e9%a0%98%ef%bc%881938%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/zh-hant\/%e6%89%98%e6%b4%9b%e8%8c%a8%e5%9f%ba%ef%bc%9a%e9%81%8e%e6%b8%a1%e7%b6%b1%e9%a0%98%ef%bc%881938%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\uff1a\u904e\u6e21\u7db1\u9818\uff081938\u5e74\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-zone\"><div class=\"tdc_zone tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\"  >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div id=\"tdi_3\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_4  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href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u96d6\u5247\u5728\u521d\u671f\u5047\u4f5c\u5805\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\u653f\u6cbb\u8ff7\u60d8\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u7522\u751f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7a4d\u7d2f\u4e86\u7121\u6bd4\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u570b\u5ea6\u91cc\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u7576\u524d\u7684\u6050\u614c\u9060\u672a\u8d70\u5b8c\u5b83\u7684\u8def\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5df2\u8868\u660e\u300c\u65b0\u653f\u300d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u8207\u6cd5\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u653f\u7b56\u540c\u6a23\u4e0d\u80fd\u7d66\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u6b7b\u5df7\u958b\u95e2\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u570b\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u73fe\u4e00\u5e45\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5716\u756b\uff0c\u5728\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5206\u5d29\u96e2\u6790\u65e5\u8da8\u7dca\u5f35\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u5df2\u7d93\u5230\u4e86\u7d55\u8def\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u689d\u7d55\u8def\u7684\u76e1\u982d\uff0c\u500b\u5225\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u8207\u6d41\u8840\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u9a37\u4e82\uff08\u963f\u6bd4\u897f\u5c3c\u4e9e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u9060\u6771\u3001\u4e2d\u6b50\uff09\uff0c\u52e2\u5fc5\u878d\u5408\u65bc\u6a6b\u4e99\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5927\u706b\u707d\u4e2d\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u61c2\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u5927\u6230\u5c0d\u5b83\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u6b0a\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u968e\u7d1a\u73fe\u5728\u907f\u514d\u6230\u722d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6bd4\u4e4b1914\u5e74\u7684\u524d\u591c\uff0c\u66f4\u5fae\u4e4e\u5176\u5fae\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8b02\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u689d\u4ef6\u5c1a\u672a\u300c\u6210\u719f\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u985e\u7a7a\u8a71\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7121\u77e5\u6216\u6709\u610f\u6b3a\u9a19\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u5148\u6c7a\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0d\u50c5\u5df2\u7d93\u300c\u6210\u719f\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u9ede\u9709\u721b\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u6642\u671f\u5167\u5c31\u767c\u751f\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5247\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u707d\u96e3\u5c07\u5a01\u8105\u5168\u90e8\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u554f\u984c\u6b78\u7d50\u5230\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u9084\u662f\u6b78\u7d50\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u9769\u547d\u5148\u92d2\u968a\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u9084\u539f\u70ba\u9769\u547d\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u3002<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u4e8c\u3000\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u53ca\u5176\u9818\u5c0e<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u53ca\u5176\u570b\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5df2\u7d66\u793e\u6703\u6050\u614c\u6298\u78e8\u5f97\u5944\u5944\u4e00\u606f\u4e86\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u793e\u6703\u8655\u65bc\u9769\u547d\u76f4\u524d\u72c0\u614b\uff08prerevolutionary state\uff09\u7684\u7279\u9ede\u3002\u4f7f\u9769\u547d\u7121\u6cd5\u5f9e\u76f4\u524d\u72c0\u614b\u8f49\u8b8a\u5230\u9769\u547d\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u969c\u7919\u7269\u4fbf\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6027\u8cea\uff1b\u5b83\u5728\u5927\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9762\u524d\u8868\u73fe\u4e4b\u5c0f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u81bd\u602f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8207\u5927\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u767c\u751f\u4e4b\u7121\u5ec9\u6065\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u96d6\u5247\u5927\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5df2\u9677\u65bc\u5782\u6b7b\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5747\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u6240\u56f0\u64fe\u3002\u5343\u767e\u842c\u7fa4\u773e\u4e00\u6b21\u518d\u6b21\u5730\u8d70\u9032\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u88ab\u5b83\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u6a5f\u95dc\u6240\u6514\u4f4f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u81ea1931\u5e744\u6708\u4ee5\u4f86\u5df2\u6709\u591a\u6b21\u82f1\u52c7\u7684\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u4f01\u5716\u628a\u653f\u6b0a\u596a\u5230\u5b83\u624b\u88e1\u4e26\u64cd\u7e31\u793e\u6703\u7684\u547d\u904b\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u9ee8\uff08\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\u3001\u65af\u5927\u6797\u9ee8\u3001\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u9ee8\u3001\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d71\u4e00\u5de5\u9ee8<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u537b\u5404\u81ea\u4f9d\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u76e1\u4e00\u7a2e\u5236\u52d5\u6a5f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9019\u4fbf\u6e96\u5099\u4e86\u4f5b\u6717\u54e5\u7684\u52dd\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6cd5\u570b\uff0c\u300c\u975c\u5750\u300d\u7f77\u5de5\u7684\u5049\u5927\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u57281936\u5e746\u6708\u9593\uff0c\u5df2\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u63a8\u7ffb\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u71b1\u8aa0\u7684\u6c7a\u5fc3\u3002\u4f46\u8ca0\u8cac\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff08\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\u3001\u65af\u5927\u6797\u9ee8\u3001\u5de5\u5718\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6d3e\uff09\u537b\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u5e4c\u5b50\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u66ab\u6642\u9593\uff09\u7d04\u675f\u4e86\u4e26\u6514\u4f4f\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u975c\u5750\u7f77\u5de5\u4e4b\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4ee5\u53ca\u7522\u696d\u5de5\u6703\u904b\u52d5\uff08C.I.O.\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u5df2\u4e0d\u53ef\u8faf\u99c1\u5730\u8868\u660e\u7f8e\u570b\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u672c\u80fd\u7684\u596e\u9b25\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u596e\u9b25\u8981\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u6b77\u53f2\u7d66\u4e88\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4efb\u52d9\u7684\u6c34\u6e96\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u5728\u6b64\u5730\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ca0\u9818\u5c0e\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u7684C.I.O.\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u4e5f\u62da\u547d\u53bb\u58d3\u6291\u53ca\u7671\u7613\u7fa4\u773e\u7684\u9769\u547d\u58d3\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u4e4b\u78ba\u5b9a\u5730\u8d70\u5230\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u65b9\u9762\u53bb\uff0c\u5b83\u90a3\u904d\u53ca\u5168\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u6cd5\u570b\u3001\u7f8e\u570b\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e4b\u7121\u6065\u7684\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5df2\u7d66\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7522\u751f\u8a31\u591a\u7279\u5225\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u5728\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65d7\u5e5f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u300d\u6240\u5be6\u884c\u7684\u8abf\u548c\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u52e2\u5fc5\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u8b8a\u5f97\u7121\u80fd\uff0c\u4e14\u7d66\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u6e05\u9664\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u2014\u2014\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1b\u9019\u5169\u8005\u4e43\u662f\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u6642\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u653f\u6cbb\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u4f46\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u8cc7\u6e90\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u6025\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u6cd5\u862d\u897f\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u7d05\u65d7\u5fbd\u8a18\u4e4b\u4e0b\u8207\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\u570b\u793e\u9ee8\u534d\u5b57\u5f62\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u90fd\u540c\u6a23\u5730\u5728\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8150\u721b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5fb9\u5e95\u63a8\u7ffb\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u624d\u80fd\u6253\u958b\u4e00\u689d\u51fa\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7fa4\u773e\u6240\u8d70\u7684\u8def\u5411\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u7531\u6c92\u843d\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u5247\u7531\u820a\u5de5\u4eba\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u53db\u8ce3\u653f\u7b56\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u9019\u5169\u500b\u56e0\u7d20\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u982d\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u898f\u5f8b\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u5f37\u904e\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u6a5f\u95dc\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u793e\u6703\u53db\u8ce3\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014\u7531\u5e03\u9b6f\u59c6\uff08Blum\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u300c\u793e\u6703\u300d\u7acb\u6cd5\u5230\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u83ab\u9808\u6709\u7684\u51a4\u7344\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5011\u5c07\u6c38\u4e0d\u80fd\u7834\u58de\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u5f80\u5f8c\u96a8\u6642\u9593\u7684\u9032\u5c55\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4f01\u5716\u628a\u6b77\u53f2\u8eca\u8f2a\u5f80\u5f8c\u62c9\u7684\u7d55\u671b\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5c07\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5411\u7fa4\u773e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u5df2\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e00\u5371\u6a5f\u53ea\u6709\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u624d\u80fd\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u4e09\u3000\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7db1\u9818\u8207\u904e\u6e21\u7db1\u9818<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u6642\u671f\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u500b\u5f9e\u4e8b\u9f13\u52d5\u3001\u5ba3\u50b3\u8207\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u9769\u547d\u7684\u76f4\u524d\u6642\u671f\u2014\u2014\u7684\u6230\u7565\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u514b\u670d\u9769\u547d\u5ba2\u89c0\u689d\u4ef6\u4e4b\u6210\u719f\u8207\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u53ca\u5176\u5148\u92d2\u968a\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u6027\uff08\u8001\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u6df7\u4e82\u5931\u671b\uff1b\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u7121\u7d93\u9a57\uff09\u9593\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5e6b\u52a9\u7fa4\u773e\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u9b25\u722d\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53bb\u627e\u5230\u7576\u524d\u8981\u6c42\u8207\u9769\u547d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u7db1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6a4b\u6881\u3002\u9019\u9053\u6a4b\u6881\u61c9\u5305\u62ec\u904e\u6e21\u8981\u6c42\uff08transitional demands\uff09\u7684\u6574\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u8981\u7531\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e14\u7531\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u5ee3\u5927\u5c64\u4efd\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u89ba\u609f\u4e2d\u5f15\u7533\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u596a\u5f97\u653f\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u5411\u4e0a\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u4ee3\u4e2d\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u653f\u7db1\u5206\u6210\u4e92\u76f8\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u5169\u500b\u90e8\u4efd\uff1a\u982d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7db1\u9818\uff08minimum program\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u7db1\u9818\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u5c40\u9650\u65bc\u5728\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u793e\u6703\u9ad4\u5236\u5167\u7684\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u7db1\u9818\uff08maximum 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href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>\u548c\u793e\u6703\u9769\u547d\u9ee8<a 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797\u59c6\u5bae\u4ee5\u53ca\u683c\u4f2f\u70cf<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u524d\u4efb\u7e3d\u9577\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u9084\u5922\u60f3\u5de5\u4eba\u5011\u5c07\u4f86\u80fd\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u5947\u8de1\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u56de\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u5931\u6389\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u96e3\u9053\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u5206\u9418\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u9019\u4e9b\u8001\u723a\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u505a\u300c\u53cd\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u300d\u9769\u547d\u5e95\u672a\u4f86\u9818\u8896\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e14\u6574\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u7684\u4e8b\u8b8a\u2014\u2014\u5967\u570b\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u6f70\u6557\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5931\u6557\u3001\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u58ae\u843d\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u5fb7\u610f\u5169\u570b\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u767c\u751f\u9769\u547d\u9ad8\u6f6e\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5fb7\u610f\u5de5\u4eba\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u60c5\u5831\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u7121\u7dda\u96fb\u64ad\u97f3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5341\u5206\u6709\u628a\u63e1\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u64ad\u97f3\u53f0\u6240\u653e\u9001\u7684\uff0c\u647b\u5408\u4e86\u611a\u8822\u548c\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u71b1\u6708<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u8a91\u9a19\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u5de5\u4eba\u9839\u55aa\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u50cf\u5225\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u53ea\u662f\u5145\u7576\u4e86\u6208\u57f9\u723e<a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u8f2a\u6d41\u8457\u6234\u8457\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u3001\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u3001\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u3001\u5fb7\u570b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6d3e\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u5047\u9762\u5177\u51fa\u5834\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u63a9\u8b77\u4ed6\u5011\u90a3\u4e00\u500b\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a0e\u4eba\u559c\u6b61\u7684\u81c9\u76f8\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u7d93\u5e38\u800c\u4e14\u5230\u8655\u5728\u5176\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65d7\u5e5f\u4e0b\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u5b83\u516c\u958b\u7684\u5411\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u570b\u5bb6\u5167\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u63d0\u51fa\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u7db1\u3002\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u5de5\u4eba\u90fd\u5df2\u5805\u6c7a\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5c07\u4f86\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u5e95\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u63a8\u7ffb\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\u3001\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u548c\u6a21\u4eff\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u5341\u4e03\u3000\u8607\u806f\u8207\u904e\u6e21\u6642\u671f\u8af8\u554f\u984c<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u8607\u806f\u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u5de5\u4eba\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u8cc7\u683c\u5f9e\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u751f\u7522\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u570b\u6709\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u5fc5\u9808\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u958b\u5c55\u4e86\u751f\u7522\u529b\u8fc5\u901f\u751f\u9577\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u6642\u9019\u500b\u5de5\u4eba\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6a5f\u95dc\uff0c\u537b\u5df2\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u5fb9\u982d\u5fb9\u5c3e\u7684\u58ae\u843d\uff1b\u5b83\u5df2\u7531\u4e00\u7a2e\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u5e95\u5b98\u50da\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u7d93\u6fdf\u6020\u5de5\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u843d\u5f8c\u548c\u5b64\u7acb\u5e95\u5de5\u4eba\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b98\u50da\u4e4b\u8f49\u6210\u70ba\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u968e\u7d1a\u2014\u2014\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b64\u523b\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u5efa\u8a2d\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u99c1\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8607\u806f\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u5730\u5305\u542b\u8457\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u820a\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u58ae\u843d\u4e86\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u6027\u7684\u8a3a\u65b7\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u9810\u65b7\u5373\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5169\u8005\u64c7\u5176\u4e00\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff1a\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u6210\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6a5f\u95dc\uff0c\u5b83\u5c07\u63a8\u7ffb\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e14\u628a\u570b\u5bb6\u63a8\u56de\u5230\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u5c07\u6467\u6bc0\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u958b\u5553\u5230\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u7684\u5404\u500b\u652f\u90e8\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5be9\u5224\u6848\u4e4b\u767c\u751f\u6beb\u4e0d\u8db3\u5947\uff0c\u4e14\u4e26\u4e0d\u628a\u5b83\u7576\u4f5c\u514b\u6797\u59c6\u5bae\u7368\u88c1\u8005\u500b\u4eba\u760b\u72c2\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u5b83\u770b\u505a\u71b1\u6708\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u5f9e\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5b98\u50da\u5167\u90e8\u5e95\u4e0d\u53ef\u5fcd\u53d7\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u4e2d\u751f\u9577\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u885d\u7a81\u53c8\u53cd\u6620\u5b98\u50da\u8207\u4eba\u6c11\u9593\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u300d\u81ea\u5df1\u7576\u4e2d\u6b63\u5728\u52a0\u6df1\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5be9\u5224\u6848\u5e95\u6d41\u8840\u7684\u300c\u760b\u72c2\u300d\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e2c\u5ea6\u90a3\u4e9b\u77db\u76fe\u5e95\u7dca\u5f35\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u7531\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9810\u77e5\u90a3\u500b\u5927\u7d50\u5c40\u7684\u884c\u5c07\u5230\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e9b\u62d2\u7d55\u56de\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5e95\u524d\u4efb\u514b\u6797\u59c6\u5bae\u99d0\u5916\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u516c\u958b\u767c\u8a00\uff0c\u5df2\u7528\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7121\u53ef\u8faf\u99c1\u5730\u8b49\u660e\u77ad\u5728\u5b98\u50da\u4e2d\u5df2\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5f62\u614b\uff1a\u7531\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u57c3\u4e43\u65af\u00b7\u4f86\u58ebIgnace Reiss\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u5341\u8db3\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08F\uff0e\u5e03\u7530\u79d1(F. Butenko)<a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u5df2\u7d93\u904e\u4e86\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u570b\uff0c\u91cc\u6602\u00b7\u77f3\u5c4b\uff08Leon Jouhaux\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftn20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u5de5\u5718\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u4e45\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u4ee3\u7406\u6a5f\u95dc\u3002\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u5718\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5df2\u7d93\u6296\u53bb\u5b83\u5e95\u5916\u8868\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e00\u8b8a\u800c\u70ba\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56db\u8f2a\u8eca\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u8f2a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u502b\u6566\u5c40\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e2d\u6d3e<a 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2\u8ddf\u8457\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e86\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u842c\u6b72\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u5ba3\u4f48\u5b83\u5275\u7acb\u7684\u6642\u6a5f\u5df2\u7d93\u5230\u4f86\u4e86\u55ce\uff1f&#8230;&#8230;\u9019\u4e9b\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u9084\u4e0d\u80af\u975c\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7b54\u8aaa\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u7528\u4e0d\u8457\u88ab\u300c\u5ba3\u4f48\u300d\u3002\u5b83\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u4e14\u6b63\u5728\u9b25\u722d\u3002\u5b83\u8584\u5f31\u55ce\uff1f\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5e95\u968a\u4f0d\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u4e26\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u9084\u5e74\u8f15\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e3b\u8981\u5730\u9084\u662f\u4e9b\u5e79\u90e8\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u5e79\u90e8\u537b\u662f\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u4fdd\u8b49\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u5e79\u90e8\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u661f\u7403\u4e0a\u76ee\u4e0b\u5c1a\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\u771f\u6b63\u5920\u5f97\u4e0a\u9019\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u570b\u969b\u5728\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u96d6\u4ecd\u5fae\u5f31\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u653f\u7db1\u3001\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5176\u5e79\u90e8\u7684\u7121\u6bd4\u6b77\u7df4\u4e0a\u662f\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u3002\u8ab0\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8b93\u4ed6\u7acb\u5373\u7ad9\u958b\u53bb\u7f77\u3002\u4e00\u5230\u660e\u5929\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u6703\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u767d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u5df2\u53d7\u76e1\u65af\u5927\u6797\u6d3e\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u3001\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u548c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u6d3e\u61c9\u5f97\u7684\u4ec7\u8996\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7d66\u5b83\u7559\u4e00\u9ede\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u8abf\u548c\u5730\u5411\u4e00\u5207\u62f4\u5728\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u88d9\u5e36\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u96c6\u5718\u5ba3\u6230\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u2014\u2014\u5ee2\u9664\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u2014\u2014\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c92\u6709\u5167\u90e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u7d00\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u9769\u547d\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u7d50\u69cb\u662f\u4ee5\u6c11\u4e3b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5236\u5e95\u539f\u5247\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e0a\u5145\u4efd\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5728\u884c\u52d5\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u985e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7576\u524d\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u3002\u5718\u7d50\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u5167\u7684\u5148\u9032\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u5411\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u6307\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u5371\u6a5f\u7684\u51fa\u8def\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8ca2\u737b\u4e00\u500b\u7db1\u9818\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7db1\u9818\u5c31\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6c42\u89e3\u653e\u5e95\u4e00\u5207\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u9b25\u722d\u7684\u570b\u969b\u7d93\u9a57\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8ca2\u737b\u51fa\u4e00\u9762\u7121\u75b5\u7684\u65d7\u5e5f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5404\u570b\u7537\u5973\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u8d70\u5230\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u7684\u65d7\u5e5f\u5e95\u4e0b\u4f86\u5427\uff0c\u5b83\u5c07\u662f\u4f60\u5011\u884c\u5c07\u52dd\u5229\u7684\u65d7\u5e5f\uff01<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> \u300c\u65b0\u653f\u300d\uff08New Deal\uff09\uff0c\u6307\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e09\u5e74\u7f85\u65af\u798f\u5c31\u4efb\u7f8e\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71\u5f8c\u6240\u65bd\u884c\u7684\u90a3\u5957\u8f13\u6551\u7a7a\u524d\u56b4\u91cd\u5927\u5371\u6a5f\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5167\u5bb9\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\uff1a\u8209\u8fa6\u516c\u5171\u5de5\u7a0b\u4f86\u5438\u6536\u5931\u696d\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u7e2e\u77ed\u5de5\u4f5c\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u898f\u5b9a\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u7ae5\u5de5\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u5de5\u4eba\u8207\u8cc7\u65b9\u96c6\u9ad4\u8ac7\u5224\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u9f13\u52f5\u8fb2\u6c11\u9818\u53d6\u653f\u5e9c\u6d25\u8cbc\u4f86\u81ea\u52d5\u6e1b\u5c11\u8fb2\u4f5c\u7269\u7684\u7522\u91cf\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6536\u8cfc\u53ca\u5132\u5b58\u5269\u9918\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u7531\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u76e3\u7763\u5728\u5168\u570b\u5be6\u884c\u5931\u696d\u4fdd\u96aa\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u793e\u6703\u4fdd\u96aa\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5ee2\u9664\u91d1\u672c\u4f4d\uff0c\u5be6\u884c\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u901a\u8ca8\u81a8\u8139\u4ee5\u523a\u6fc0\u5e02\u5834\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u76e3\u7763\u9280\u884c\u548c\u80a1\u7968\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u76e3\u7763\u6258\u8fa3\u65af\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u7a05\u6536\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u6587\u5b98\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u9662\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u65b0\u653f\u300d\u662f\u96c6\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5927\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u958b\u6230\u5f8c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u65b0\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u4e4b\u5148\u6cb3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> \u963f\u6bd4\u897f\u5c3c\u4e9e\uff08Ethiopia\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e94\u5e74\u5341\u6708\u906d\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8ecd\u968a\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5168\u570b\u88ab\u4f54\u9818\uff0c\u5230\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e00\u5e74\u624d\u5fa9\u570b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> \u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d71\u4e00\u5de5\u9ee8\uff08The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM)\uff09\u662f\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u6d3e\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u53c3\u770b\u6ce8\u5eff\u4e00\uff09\u7684\u9ee8\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u9769\u547d\u5167\u6230\u4e2d\u8d77\u91cd\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8a72\u9ee8\u7684\u9ee8\u54e1\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5de5\u696d\u6700\u767c\u9054\u7684\u52a0\u6cf0\u9686\u7701\u5167\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u5247\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u904e\u53bb\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u5f8c\u4f86\u4e0d\u6eff\u610f\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u53c3\u52a0\u6258\u6d1b\u6b21\u57fa\u6d3e\u3002\u8a72\u9ee8\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5c0d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4f5c\u5de6\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u5247\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53c3\u52a0\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6240\u652f\u914d\u7684\u806f\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u7b49\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u516d\u6708\uff0c\u8a72\u9ee8\u6574\u6279\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u906d\u8607\u806f\u6d3e\u99d0\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u7279\u52d9\u76f4\u63a5\u902e\u6355\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u88ab\u806f\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u4f48\u70ba\u975e\u6cd5\u7d44\u7e54\u3002\u5176\u9818\u8896\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u5be7\u96a8\u5373\u88ab\u8607\u806f\u7279\u52d9\u6bba\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> \u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\uff08Popular Front\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e94\u5e74\u6cd5\u570b\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u5404\u9ee8\uff08\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u548c\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\uff09\uff0c\u8207\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\uff08\u6fc0\u9032\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\uff09\u6240\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u806f\u76df\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u968e\u7d1a\u5408\u4f5c\u8def\u7dda\u96a8\u5f8c\u88ab\u540c\u5e74\u8209\u884c\u7684\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7b2c\u4e03\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6703\u63a1\u7d0d\u70ba\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u7e3d\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u65bd\u884c\u5230\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e5d\u5e74\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u8207\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7c3d\u8a02\u5354\u5b9a\u6642\u70ba\u6b62\u3002\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\uff0c\u5404\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u6309\u7167\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u540d\u7fa9\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6062\u5fa9\u9019\u7a2e\u8def\u7dda\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> \u7f8e\u570b\u7522\u696d\u5de5\u6703\u904b\u52d5\uff08CIO\uff09\u2500\u2500\u5f9e\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u6703\u7d44\u7e54\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u52de\u5de5\u806f\u5408\u6703\uff08\u52de\u806f\uff0cAFL\uff09\u5c6c\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u696d\u6027\u5de5\u6703\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5de5\u6703\u9818\u8896\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5145\u6eff\u968e\u7d1a\u59a5\u5354\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6975\u7aef\u4fdd\u5b88\u800c\u4e14\u5c08\u5236\u7684\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u6703\u54e1\u9650\u65bc\u719f\u7df4\u5de5\u4eba\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e5d\u5e74\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u6050\u614c\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7fa4\u773e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u986f\u8457\u5730\u6fc0\u9032\u5316\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5de6\u50be\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8feb\u5207\u8981\u6c42\u6210\u7acb\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bcc\u65bc\u6230\u9b25\u6027\u7684\u7522\u696d\u6027\u5de5\u6703\uff0c\u628a\u4e0d\u719f\u7149\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u8166\u529b\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u4e5f\u7d44\u7e54\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u9019\u500b\u7fa4\u773e\u904b\u52d5\u843d\u5230\u9769\u547d\u4efd\u5b50\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f85\u65af\u798f\u7e3d\u7d71\u51fa\u9762\u652f\u6301\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u7684\u5de5\u6703\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u52de\u806f\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u4e5f\u8f49\u904e\u4f86\u9818\u5c0e\u7d44\u7e54\u7522\u696d\u5de5\u6703\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e94\u5e74\u5e95\u6210\u7acb\u7522\u696d\u5de5\u6703\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8d77\u521d\u5728\u52de\u806f\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u722d\u53d6\u5728\u7522\u696d\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u4f86\u628a\u820a\u5de5\u6703\u6539\u7d44\u3002\u4f46\u52de\u806f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6b7b\u786c\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u70ba\u6b64\u958b\u9664\u4e86\u5171\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u842c\u6703\u54e1\u7684\u5341\u500b\u5168\u570b\u7e3d\u5de5\u6703\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u7522\u696d\u5de5\u6703\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6210\u70ba\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u5de5\u6703\u806f\u5408\u6a5f\u69cb\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u516b\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u5168\u570b\u7e3d\u5de5\u6703\uff0c\u5373\u7522\u696d\u5de5\u6703\u5927\u6703\uff08\u7522\u5927\uff0cCIO\uff09\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u7522\u5927\u7684\u6230\u9b25\u6027\u65e5\u6f38\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u52de\u806f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u6b7b\u786c\u6392\u65a5\u4e0d\u719f\u7df4\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u7522\u696d\u6027\u5de5\u6703\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7d42\u65bc\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e94\u5e74\u5e95\u5408\u4f75\u6210\u70ba\u52de\u806f\u7522\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> \u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\uff0cComintern\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e5d\u5e74\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u9818\u5c0e\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u9ee8\uff0c\u4ee3\u66ff\u90a3\u5df2\u7d93\u55aa\u5931\u9032\u6b65\u4f5c\u7528\u800c\u4e14\u5206\u5d29\u96e2\u6790\u4e86\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u3002\u5404\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u672c\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u652f\u90e8\u3002\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u7e3d\u90e8\u8a2d\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e5d\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e8c\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u8607\u806f\u8655\u65bc\u5167\u6230\u548c\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u80fd\u8209\u884c\u3002\u9019\u56db\u6b21\u5927\u6703\u7684\u6c7a\u8b70\u6848\uff0c\u662f\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u7db1\u9818\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u81ea\u5f9e\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u5b98\u50da\u96c6\u5718\u7576\u6b0a\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6703\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u4f9d\u671f\u8209\u884c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b21\u5927\u6703\u5ef6\u9072\u5230\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u516d\u6b21\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u516b\u5e74\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u9010\u6b65\u8b8a\u6210\u8607\u806f\u5b98\u50da\u5c0d\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u8f14\u52a9\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e94\u5e74\u6240\u8209\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e03\u6b21\u5927\u6703\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u7e3d\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u6258\u6d1b\u6b21\u57fa\u4fbf\u5ba3\u4f48\u9019\u6b21\u5927\u6703\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u7d50\u675f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u5927\u6703\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\u679c\u7136\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u5c31\u518d\u6c92\u6709\u8209\u884c\u904e\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6703\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e09\u5e74\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u70ba\u4e86\u8a0e\u597d\u7f8e\u82f1\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5c07\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u89e3\u6563\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> \u4f86\u7fc1\u00b7\u5e03\u9b6f\u59c6\uff08Andr\u00e9 L\u00e9on Blum \uff09\u662f\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u6cd5\u570b\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u8896\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u516d\u81f3\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u9593\u4efb\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u653f\u5e9c\u7e3d\u7406\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u25cb\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a> \u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\uff08\u52de\u5de5\u8207\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u570b\u969b\uff0cSecond International\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u65bc\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u969b\uff08\u570b\u969b\u5de5\u4eba\u5354\u6703\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u56db\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u516d\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u7e7c\u627f\u8005\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u662f\u5404\u570b\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6b50\u6d32\uff09\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u677e\u61c8\u7684\u806f\u5408\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u628a\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\u548c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u90fd\u5bb9\u7d0d\u5728\u5167\u3002\u6700\u5f37\u5927\u4e26\u6709\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u652f\u90e8\u662f\u5fb7\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u56db\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7206\u767c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5404\u570b\u652f\u90e8\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u672c\u570b\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6230\u722d\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u4f5c\u7528\u544a\u7d42\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u4e5f\u5be6\u969b\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e09\u5e74\u6062\u5fa9\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u5341\u8db3\u7684\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> \u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\uff08Mensheviks\uff09\u2500\u2500\u4fc4\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\uff08\u4e00\u4e5d\u25cb\u4e09\u5e74\uff09\u5206\u88c2\u70ba\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\uff08\u5373\u591a\u6578\u6d3e\uff09\u548c\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\uff08\u5373\u5c11\u6578\u6d3e\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7531\u5217\u5be7\u9818\u5c0e\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u7531\u99ac\u723e\u6258\u592b\u9818\u5c0e\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u5169\u6d3e\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u4ee3\u8868\u5805\u6c7a\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u6f38\u6f38\u8b8a\u6210\u5c0f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u9818\u5c0e\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u6539\u540d\u70ba\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\uff0c\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u8207\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u4ecd\u7559\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u5167\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> \u4fc4\u570b\u793e\u6703\u9769\u547d\u9ee8\uff08Social Revolutionaries\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u65bc\u4e00\u4e5d\u25cb\u25cb\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u521d\u671f\u5927\u9ad4\u4e0a\u7e7c\u627f\u6c11\u7cb9\u6d3e\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u62b1\u6709\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u9760\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff08\u4ee5\u8fb2\u6c11\u70ba\u4e3b\uff09\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4f7f\u4fc4\u570b\u907f\u514d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc4\u570b\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6751\u843d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5be6\u884c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u5b83\u53cd\u5c0d\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u95dc\u65bc\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u6b65\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u4f7f\u547d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u653f\u7db1\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u571f\u5730\u570b\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u548c\u5be6\u884c\u65e2\u975e\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u53c8\u975e\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e03\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u5f8c\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u9769\u547d\u9ee8\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u9f90\u5927\u800c\u7121\u5b9a\u5f62\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5728\u8fb2\u6c11\u548c\u58eb\u5175\u4e2d\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u52e2\u529b\u3002\u53f3\u6d3e\u793e\u6703\u9769\u547d\u9ee8\u9818\u8896\u5805\u6301\u8207\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u53c3\u52a0\u81e8\u6642\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u596a\u53d6\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u653f\u7db1\u8b8a\u6210\u7a7a\u8a71\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u7fa4\u773e\u6f38\u6f38\u88ab\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u722d\u53d6\u904e\u53bb\u3002\u5de6\u6d3e\u793e\u6703\u9769\u547d\u9ee8\u652f\u6301\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u521d\u671f\u53c3\u52a0\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u56e0\u53cd\u5c0d\u5c0d\u5fb7\u548c\u7d04\u800c\u9000\u51fa\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e03\u6708\u8209\u884c\u66b4\u52d5\uff0c\u8f49\u5165\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u9663\u71df\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> \u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u570b\u969b\uff08Amsterdam International\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e5d\u5e74\u5fa9\u6d3b\u5f8c\u7684\u570b\u969b\u5de5\u6703\u806f\u5408\u6703\uff08\u8077\u5de5\u570b\u969b\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u7e3d\u90e8\u8a2d\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\uff0c\u6545\u540d\u3002\u9019\u662f\u500b\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u53d7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u6975\u7aef\u53cd\u5171\u53cd\u8607\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7206\u767c\u6642\u5df2\u5be6\u969b\u505c\u6b62\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u5230\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e94\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u5de5\u6703\u806f\u5408\u6703\u6210\u7acb\u6642\u6b63\u5f0f\u89e3\u6563\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> \u53f0\u723e\u66fc\uff08Thaelmann\uff09\u662f\u7d0d\u7cb9\u4e0a\u53f0\u524d\u5fb7\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u8896\u53ca\u7e3d\u7d71\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u57f7\u884c\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u7684\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u6b50\u6d32\u6700\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5728\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u9762\u524d\u4e0d\u6230\u800c\u964d\u3002\u53f0\u723e\u66fc\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e09\u5e74\u88ab\u7d0d\u7cb9\u6295\u5165\u96c6\u4e2d\u71df\uff0c\u65bc\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e94\u5e74\u88ab\u8655\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> \u683c\u67cf\u70cf\uff08GPU\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u6cdb\u6307\u8607\u806f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8b66\u5bdf\u3002\u8607\u806f\u653f\u6cbb\u8b66\u5bdf\u6a5f\u95dc\u5148\u5f8c\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u540d\u7a31\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e8c\u5e74\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u56db\u5e74\u4e4b\u9593\u7a31\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u885b\u5c40\uff0c\u5176\u7c21\u7a31GPU\u8b6f\u97f3\u70ba\u683c\u67cf\u70cf\u3002\u683c\u67cf\u70cf\u672c\u4f86\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u93ae\u58d3\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5728\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u6d3e\u5b98\u50da\u624b\u4e2d\u8b8a\u6210\u7121\u60e1\u4e0d\u4f5c\u3001\u51f6\u6b98\u4e4b\u6975\u7684\u53cd\u52d5\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4f86\u5c0d\u4ed8\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8005\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4efb\u4f55\u53d7\u5b98\u50da\u96c6\u5718\u61f7\u7591\u6216\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u58ae\u843d\u5f8c\u7684\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4fbf\u5b8c\u5168\u53d7\u683c\u67cf\u70cf\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a> \u71b1\u6708\uff08Thermidorian\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u6cd5\u570b\u5927\u9769\u547d\u6642\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6b77\u7684\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u4efd\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u3002\u4e00\u4e03\u4e5d\u56db\u5e74\u7279\u723e\u7c73\u591a\u6708\u4e5d\u65e5\uff0c\u7f85\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u723e\u7684\u9769\u547d\u653f\u6b0a\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u653f\u5c40\u958b\u59cb\u5411\u53f3\u8f49\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u9020\u6210\u62ff\u7834\u4f96\u4e0a\u53f0\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u570b\u6ec5\u4ea1\u3002\u7279\u723e\u7c73\u591a\u4e8b\u8b8a\u8868\u793a\u5f9e\u9769\u547d\u8f49\u70ba\u53cd\u52d5\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u9054\u5230\u53cd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9769\u547d\u6240\u5275\u9020\u7684\u65b0\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u5b58\u8457\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u6b21\u57fa\u5e38\u62ff\u8607\u806f\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53cd\u52d5\u548c\u7279\u723e\u7c73\u591a\u76f8\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> \u6208\u57f9\u723e\uff08Goebbels\uff09\u662f\u7d0d\u7cb9\u9ee8\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u90e8\u9577\uff0c\u7d0d\u7cb9\u8986\u4ea1\u6642\u81ea\u6bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> \u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6642\u671f\u300d\uff08Third Period\uff09\u2500\u2500\u9019\u662f\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u6d3e\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u770b\u6cd5\u548c\u4e00\u7a2e\u8def\u7dda\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5ba3\u7a31\u6230\u5f8c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e16\u754c\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6642\u671f\u300d\uff0c\u5373\u7121\u53ef\u8f13\u6551\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u548c\u7acb\u5373\u6ec5\u4ea1\u7684\u6642\u671f\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u4f30\u8a08\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u547d\u4ee4\u5404\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u63a1\u53d6\u6975\u5de6\u5192\u96aa\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u8fc5\u901f\u53d6\u5f97\u653f\u6b0a\u3002\u9019\u8def\u7dda\u9020\u6210\u8a31\u591a\u60e1\u679c\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5927\u5927\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u7d0d\u7cb9\u9ee8\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u537b\u6307\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u70ba\u300c\u793e\u6703\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u300d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u62cb\u68c4\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7d71\u4e00\u6230\u7dda\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u8b93\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u767b\u53f0\u3002\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6642\u671f\u300d\u8def\u7dda\u65bd\u884c\u5230\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u88ab\u53f3\u50be\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u300d\u8def\u7dda\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a> \u4f86\u58eb\u662f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u548c\u683c\u67cf\u70cf\u6d3e\u99d0\u897f\u6b50\u64d4\u4efb\u79d8\u5bc6\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u9ad8\u7d1a\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u70ba\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u4e8b\u696d\u800c\u53c3\u52a0\u683c\u67cf\u70cf\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6230\u58eb\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u70ba\u53ad\u60e1\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u7684\u53cd\u52d5\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c0d\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u516d\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5be9\u5224\u6848\u5927\u5bc3\u7344\u6df1\u523b\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u4e0b\u6c7a\u5fc3\u812b\u96e2\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u5b98\u50da\u6a5f\u95dc\uff0c\u53c3\u52a0\u5efa\u7acb\u7b2c\u56db\u570b\u969b\u7684\u968a\u4f0d\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u4e03\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f9e\u5df4\u9ece\u5bc4\u4fe1\u7d66\u8607\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5ba3\u4f48\u4ed6\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5728\u897f\u6b50\u79d8\u5bc6\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u54e1\u4e2d\u7b56\u52d5\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002\u4e5d\u6708\u56db\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u53f2\u5927\u6797\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u5147\u624b\u8a98\u5f80\u745e\u58eb\u6d1b\u6851\u9644\u8fd1\u6bba\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a> \u5e03\u7530\u79d1\u662f\u8607\u806f\u5916\u4ea4\u4f7f\u9928\u4e2d\u4e00\u540d\u6b66\u5b98\uff0c\u812b\u96e2\u8607\u806f\u5b98\u50da\u96c6\u5718\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u8f49\u8b8a\u5230\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a> 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href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/trotsky\/marxist.org-chinese-trotsky-1938b.htm#_ftnref21\"><sup>[<\/sup><sup>21<\/sup><sup>]<\/sup><\/a> \u4e2d\u6d3e\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u904b\u52d5\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u5916\u570d\u7684\u6fc0\u9032\u904b\u52d5\uff09\u4e2d\u8655\u65bc\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6d3e\u5225\u3002\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee3\u8868\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u9577\u9060\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u5b98\u50da\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u8cb4\u65cf\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4e2d\u6d3e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u7368\u7279\u7684\u793e\u6703\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e00\u5c64\u6b21\u6b63\u5728\u5f9e\u5de6\u5411\u53f3\u8f49\u8b8a\u4e2d\u7684\u904e\u6e21\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u5de6\u50be\u4e2d\u6d3e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u53f3\u50be\u4e2d\u6d3e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5206\u5225\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div 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