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lang=\"ZH-TW\">\uff0c\u7121\u65e5\u671f<\/span>]<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u7d93\u5e38\u6027\u7684180\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u8b8a\u5316\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7e8c\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u4e26\u53ea\u6703\u9020\u6210\u7576\u5730\u7fa4\u773e\u4e2d\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u548c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u611f\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u7576\u5c40\u7684\u77ed\u8996\u4e5f\u8868\u73fe\u5728\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u652f\u6301\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u53cd\u5c0d\u8607\u806f\u7684\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u9019\u5834\u6230\u722d\u57f9\u990a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u760b\u72c2\u300c\u53cd\u5171\u300d\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u8056\u6230\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u5967\u85a9\u99ac\u00b7\u672c\u62c9\u767b\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u7d44\u7e54\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u751a\u81f3\u57281980\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u671f\u9084\u6d3e\u9063\u6578\u767e\u540d\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u8ecd\u7684\u8ecd\u4e8b\u9867\u554f\u5728\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u548c\u65b0\u7586\u8a13\u7df4\u5305\u62ec\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u65cf\u5728\u5167\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8056\u6230\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u6839\u64da1996\u5e74\u88ab\u5854\u91cc\u73ed\u62f7\u6253\u548c\u8655\u6b7b\u7684\u524d\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u7e3d\u7d71\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u7d0d\u5409\u5e03\u62c9(Muhammad Najibullah)\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u65b9\u9762\u5728\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e4b\u4e00\u300d\u3002\uff08John Cooley\u300a\u53cd\u795e\u8056\u6230\u722d\u300b\uff0cPluto Press\uff0c2002\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u9127\u5728\u8207\u65b0\u7586\u4ea4\u754c\u7684\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u548c\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u6240\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u300d\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e2d\u570b1996\u5e74\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9032\u884c\u53cd\u300c\u5206\u96e2\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u300c\u56b4\u6253\u300d\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u6839\u64da\u570b\u969b\u7279\u8d66\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u671f\u65b0\u7586\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u7387\u662f\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u570b\u6574\u9ad4\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u7684\u5341\u500d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u4ec0\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u767c\u52d5\u7684\u300c\u53cd\u6050\u6230\u722d\u300d\u548c2001\u5e74\u5c0d\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u5167\u90e8\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u8f49\u6298\u9ede\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u7576\u5c40\u6293\u4f4f\u5728\u570b\u969b\u5f62\u52e2\u4e0a\u7684\u9019\u500b\u8f49\u8b8a\u4ee5\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5f37\u5c0d\u65b0\u7586\u7576\u5730\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u90fd\u8cbc\u4e0a\u300c\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u3002\u672c\u4f86\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u7d93\u9078\u64c7\u6de1\u5316\u6b66\u88dd\u7684\u8056\u6230\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u3002\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u5f8c\u65e9\u5df2\u6c88\u5bc2\u7684(\u5047\u5982\u4e0d\u662f\u5fb9\u5e95\u88ab\u6d88\u6ec5\u7684)\u7684\u8056\u6230\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u4e2d\u88ab\u5927\u5927\u5730\u88ab\u8a87\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u5e7e\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u4e00\u5ea6\u51fa\u73fe\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u885d\u7a81\u30021997\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u5be7\u5e02\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52d5\u8f49\u70ba\u66b4\u4e82\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u6709200\u540d\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u65cf\u88ab\u8655\u6c7a\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u300c\u56b4\u6253\u300d\u884c\u52d5\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6210\u529f\u5730\u7c89\u788e\u63a1\u7528\u500b\u4eba\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u65cf\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f80\u5f80\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u63a1\u53d6\u6697\u6bba\u6f22\u65cf\u5b98\u54e1\u6216\u89aa\u7576\u5c40\u7684\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u65cf\u4eba\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u662f\u767c\u751f\u57281997\u5e742\u6708\u7684\u70cf\u9b6f\u6728\u9f4a\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8eca\u7206\u70b8\u6848\uff0c\u9020\u62109\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u548c74\u4eba\u53d7\u50b7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e00\u8cab\u5805\u6c7a\u53cd\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u6050\u6016\u8972\u64ca\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e9f\u5f85\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u500b\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u904e\u5229\u7528\u6050\u6016\u8972\u64ca\u6210\u529f\u63a8\u7ffb\u58d3\u8feb\u968e\u7d1a\u5be6\u73fe\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u3002\u8207\u4e4b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9019\u96bb\u6703\u70ba\u66f4\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u93ae\u58d3\u63d0\u4f9b\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u4e2d\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u7a2e\u65cf\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6700\u7d42\u53ea\u6703\u56b4\u91cd\u640d\u5bb3\u53cd\u6297\u6975\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7fa4\u773e\u9b25\u722d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u4e2d\u5171\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u7684\u767c\u8a00\u4eba\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u300c\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u548c\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5206\u96e2\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u660e\u986f\u6e1b\u5c11\u300d\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u93ae\u58d3\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u6703\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u518d\u6b21\u4fc3\u4f7f\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u65cf\u9752\u5e74\u63a1\u7528\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8972\u64ca\uff0c\u4e26\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u53cd\u64ca\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2007\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u8ecd\u8972\u64ca\u4e86\u6771\u571f\u8033\u5176\u65af\u5766\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u904b\u52d5\uff0d\u771f\u4e3b\u9ee8(ETIM\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31\u300c\u6771\u4f0a\u904b\u300d)\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u897f\u90e8\u5e15\u7c73\u723e\u9ad8\u539f\u8fd1\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u908a\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u8655\u8a13\u7df4\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u64ca\u6583\u4e8618\u540d\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u3002\u9019\u6b21\u8ecd\u4e8b\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u81f3\u4eca\u4e0d\u660e\u3002\u6771\u4f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lang=\"ZH-TW\">\u65b0\u7586<\/span><span lang=\"ZH-TW\">\u6240\u7d93\u6b77\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u7206\u767c\uff0c\u8207\u8607\u806f\u89e3\u9ad4\u5f8c\u4e2d\u4e9e<wbr \/>\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c<wbr \/>\u9019\u4e9b\u4e2d\u4e9e\u570b\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u8207\u65b0\u7586\u7684\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u65cf\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001<wbr \/>\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002<wbr \/>\u7576\u6642\u8a31\u591a\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u65cf\u4e2d\u5e0c\u5180\u4f9d\u9760\u9019\u4e9b\u65b0\u8208\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u80fd\u4ee5\u300c<wbr \/>\u591a\u7c73\u8afe\u9aa8\u724c\u6548\u61c9\u300d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u65b0\u7586\u64fa\u812b\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u3002<wbr \/>\u4f46\u986f\u7136\u9019\u4e00\u5e0c\u671b\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u7834\u6ec5\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u300d\u7684\u54c8\u85a9\u514b\u65af\u5766\u3001<wbr 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