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2019\u5e74<\/span>11\u6708<\/span>7\u65e5\u662f\u5217\u592b<\/span>\u00b7\u9054\u7dad\u591a\u7dad\u5947<\/span>\u00b7\u6258\u6d1b\u65af\u57fa\u7684<\/span>140\u5e74\u8a95\u8fb0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Rob Jones\uff08<\/span>ISA\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u652f\u90e8\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

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1905\u5e74\u8207\u4e0d\u65b7\u9769\u547d\u8ad6<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  \u2500\u2500\u300a\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u300b<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6839\u64da1905\u5e74\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u6df7\u5408\u800c\u4e0d\u5747\uff08combined and uneven\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u7576\u6280\u8853\u8f03\u843d\u5f8c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9032\u6b65\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u91cd\u65b0\u767c\u660e\u96fb\u5831\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8cfc\u8cb7\u5df2\u7d93\u88fd\u9020\u597d\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u6a5f\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u58d3\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c99\u7687\u6c92\u90a3\u500b\u529f\u592b\u53bb\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u767c\u5c55\u5de5\u696d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6703\u76f4\u63a5\u5efa\u9020\u5de8\u578b\u5de5\u5ee0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u5728\u5167\u7684\u4e0d\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u300c\u66f4\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8001\u95c6\u300d\u505a\u9760\u5c71\uff0c\u537b\u5f80\u5f80\u904e\u65bc\u8edf\u5f31\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u4f5c\u70ba\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u529b\u91cf\u4f86\u5b8c\u6210\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u3002\u9019\u8207\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\uff08\u4f8b\u59821642\u20131651\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u548c1789\u20131794\u7684\u6cd5\u570b\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u61c9\u8a72\u53bb\u9818\u5c0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u9b25\u722d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u9b25\u722d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6539\u8b8a\u800c\u9b25\u722d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7576\u6642\u7acb\u61b2\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u9ee8\u9b41\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u5e15\u7dad\u723e\u00b7\u7c73\u7559\u79d1\u592b\uff08Pavel Milyukov\uff09\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u7db1\u9818\u611f\u5230\u9707\u9a5a\u3002\u662f\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u90a3\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u9019\u7a2e\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4eba\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u6258\u6d3e\u4efd\u5b50\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5df2\u7d93\u9810\u6e2c\u4e861917\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u62c9\u7f8e\u3001\u4e9e\u6d32\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u3001\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u548c\u54c8\u85a9\u514b\u65af\u5766\u4ecd\u7136\u7d55\u5c0d\u6709\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u7a31\u70ba\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u652f\u6301\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u300d\u65e9\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u7fa9\u52a3\u6839\u6027\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u8457\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u300c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u300d\u4ecd\u4ee5\u5efa\u8a2d\u767c\u9054\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u793e\u6703\u70ba\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u628a\u722d\u53d6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u7121\u9650\u63a8\u9072\u5230\u672a\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n

1906\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u70ba\u9996\u768452\u4f4d\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u6210\u54e1\u5728\u6c99\u7687\u6cd5\u9662\u88ab\u63a7\u7d44\u7e54\u6b66\u88dd\u8d77\u7fa9\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7121\u8996\u5f8b\u5e2b\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u5c55\u958b\u4e86\u5f8c\u4f86\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u540d\u7684\u51fa\u8272\u6f14\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u634d\u885b\u4e86\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u5224\u8655\u6d41\u653e\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e45\u4fbf\u5f9e\u90a3\u88e1\u9003\u4ea1\u5230\u570b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

1907\u52301916\u5e74\uff1a\u53cd\u52d5\u8207\u6230\u722d\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6240\u6709\u4fc4\u570b\u7684\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7576\u6642\u90fd\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4fc4\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u9ee8\u30021905\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5931\u6557\u7d66\u9019\u500b\u9ee8\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u6253\u64ca\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u6210\u54e1\u96e2\u958b\u4e86\u4e26\u518d\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u56de\u4f86\u3002\u63a5\u9023\u7684\u5931\u6557\u5c0e\u81f4\u9ee8\u652f\u90e8\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\u5341\u500d\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u652f\u90e8\u751a\u81f3\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u81e5\u5e95\u6240\u9818\u5c0e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u591a\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u63d0\u8b70\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u9ee8\u6d3e\u300d\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u89e3\u6563\u5730\u4e0b\u9ee8\u90e8\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u652f\u6301\u5148\u904e\u6e21\u5230\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u5404\u6d3e\u4e4b\u9593\u5728\u9ee8\u5167\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u8f2a\u6d3e\u7cfb\u9b25\u722d\uff1a\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u3001\u524d\u9032\u6d3e\uff08Vpered\uff09\u3001\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u3001\u53d6\u6d88\u6d3e\uff08liquidationist\uff09\u3001\u7336\u592a\u5d29\u5f97\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5fb7\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u652f\u6301\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u4f7f\u5f97\u60c5\u6cc1\u66f4\u52a0\u60e1\u52a3\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u5c40\u52e2\u4f7f\u5217\u5be7\u6182\u5fc3\u5fe1\u5fe1\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u5217\u5be7\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e4b\u9593\u5206\u6b67\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n

1912\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8a66\u5716\u7d44\u7e54\u4e00\u500b\u806f\u76df\uff0c\u4ee5\u5718\u7d50\u5404\u7a2e\u6d3e\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u62d2\u7d55\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u8ddf\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u9019\u500b\u5617\u8a66\u662f\u5f92\u52de\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5c0d\u65bc\u59a5\u5354\u7684\u71b1\u8877\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u90a3\u6642\u81f4\u547d\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u5373\u5c07\u4f86\u81e8\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5404\u6d3e\u6703\u91cd\u65b0\u5408\u4f75\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n

1927\u5e74\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u79d8\u66f8\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u8d8a\u98db\uff08Adolf Joffe\uff09\u5728\u75c5\u91cd\u81ea\u6bba\u524d\u7d66\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5beb\u4e86\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u3002\u4fe1\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u600e\u9ebc\u770b\u5f85\u5217\u5be7\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u300c\u6211\u5f9e\u672a\u61f7\u7591\u60a8\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u8def\u7dda\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u60a8\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u81ea\u300a\u4e0d\u65b7\u9769\u547d\u8ad6\u300b\u767c\u8868\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u60a8\u5de6\u53f3\u2026\u20261905\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u60a8\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u5834\u4e0a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\u3002\u6211\u7d93\u5e38\u544a\u8a34\u60a8\uff0c\u6211\u89aa\u8033\u807d\u5230\u5217\u5be7\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u57281905\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u662f\u4f60\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u81e8\u6b7b\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u6492\u8b0a\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u73fe\u5728\u5411\u4f60\u91cd\u8907\u4e00\u904d\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u662f\u60a8\u7d93\u5e38\u6703\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0b\u6c42\u540c\u610f\u8207\u59a5\u5354\u800c\u653e\u68c4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u60a8\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u59a5\u5354\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u9019\u662f\u932f\u7684\u3002\u300d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

1912\u5e748\u6708\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u518d\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u72af\u904e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u5230\u90a3\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5df2\u7d93\u62cb\u68c4\u4e86\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u806f\u76df\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5c31\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u3002\u6b64\u6642\uff0c\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u3001\u5e0c\u81d8\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9e\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u7cfe\u7d1b\u7206\u767c\u4e86\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u6230\u722d\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4ee5\u300a\u57fa\u8f14\u601d\u60f3\u5831\u300b\u7684\u6230\u722d\u8a18\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u524d\u5f80\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u534a\u5cf6\u3002\u9019\u6b21\u7d93\u6b77\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u6c11\u65cf\u554f\u984c\u5f97\u5230\u5bf6\u8cb4\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u7f85\u99ac\u5c3c\u4e9e\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u62c9\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08Christian Rakovsky\uff09\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5f8c\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6700\u89aa\u5bc6\u7684\u6230\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u5730\u5340\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5e6b\u52a9\u751a\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5728\u4fc4\u570b\u5167\u6230\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57281920\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u8207\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5c31\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u6065\u4e14\u932f\u8aa4\u7acb\u5834\u9032\u884c\u8faf\u8ad6\u6642\u3002\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u91cd\u65b0\u5c31\u82ac\u862d\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9f4a\u7f8e\u723e\u74e6\u723e\u5fb7\u5ba3\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n

1914\u5e74\uff0c\u9ee8\u5167\u548c\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u66f4\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u6c11\u9ee8\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5728\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u672c\u570b\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u3002\u5e7e\u5929\u4e4b\u5167\u7b2c\u4e8c\u570b\u969b\u5c31\u5206\u5d29\u96e2\u6790\u4e86\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6578\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u59cb\u7d42\u5fe0\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7576\u7136\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

1915\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u9f4a\u7f8e\u723e\u74e6\u723e\u5fb7\u53cd\u6230\u6703\u8b70\u768438\u540d\u8207\u6703\u4ee3\u8868\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e26\u8ca0\u8cac\u64b0\u5beb\u4e86\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u5217\u5be7\u7de9\u6162\u4f46\u7a69\u5b9a\u5730\u9760\u8fd1\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5e36\u6709\u5f37\u70c8\u53cd\u6230\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8a71\u300b\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u6cd5\u570b\u7684\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u58eb\u5175\u624b\u4e0a\u641c\u51fa\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u6642\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u9a45\u9010\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u53c8\u7acb\u523b\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u662f\u300c\u5fb7\u570b\u7279\u5de5\u300d\u4e26\u9a45\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u5c07\u4ed6\u62bc\u89e3\u7d66\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7576\u5c40\uff0c\u800c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u628a\u4ed6\u585e\u9032\u99db\u5f80\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u8239\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e74\uff1a\u4e0d\u65b7\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5be6\u8e10<\/strong><\/p>\n

1917\u5e74\u4fc4\u570b\u518d\u6b21\u7206\u767c\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5217\u5be7\u8fc5\u901f\u65bc4\u6708\u8fd4\u570b\u3002\u800c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e09\u6708\u4efd\u5c31\u96e2\u958b\u7d10\u7d04\uff0c\u537b\u88ab\u95dc\u9032\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u71df\u88e1\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e94\u6708\u4efd\u624d\u7372\u91cb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u56de\u5230\u4fc4\u570b\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u5217\u5be7\u4fbf\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u7dca\u5bc6\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7576\u5217\u5be7\u5728\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u9818\u5c0e\u5c64\u88e1\u767c\u8d77\u9b25\u722d\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u4ee5\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u3001\u674e\u53ef\u592b\u548c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u70ba\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u50be\u5411\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u6700\u771f\u8aa0\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u6b64\u6642\u8072\u7a31\u5217\u5be7\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u300d\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5728\u8fd4\u56de\u4fc4\u570b\u6642\u767c\u8868\u300a\u56db\u6708\u7db1\u9818\u300b\uff0c\u547c\u7c72\u9ee8\u7d44\u7e54\u505c\u6b62\u652f\u6301\u81e8\u6642\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u547c\u7c72\u9032\u884c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u7acb\u5834\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4e0d\u65b7\u9769\u547d\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57281917\u5e747\u6708\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u6642\u671f\u88e1\uff0c\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u906d\u5230\u8ab9\u8b17\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8f49\u5165\u5730\u4e0b\u3002\u7576\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u88ab\u6355\u95dc\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u4fdd\u7f85\u8981\u585e\u76e3\u7344\u4e2d\uff0c\u7576\u66b4\u5f92\u5728\u8857\u982d\u641c\u6355\u5217\u5be7\u548c\u5b63\u8afe\u7dad\u4e5f\u592b\u6642\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9818\u5c0e\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u548c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u516c\u958b\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b8c\u5168\u652f\u6301\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc\u540c\u4e00\u5929\u88ab\u6355\u3002\u5217\u5be7\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u5f9e\u90a3\u5929\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6bd4\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u66f4\u7a31\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u4e86\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

9\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u7576\u9078\u70ba\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u88ab\u5168\u9ee8\u63a5\u7d0d\u70ba\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u9ee8\u54e1\u3002\u5728\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u662f\u8d77\u7fa9\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u8cbb\u5967\u591a\u723e\uff0e\u4e39\uff08Fyodor Dan\uff09\u6307\u8cac\u8a72\u8d77\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u5834\u9670\u8b00\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9019\u6a23\u56de\u61c9\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u300c\u6b63\u5728\u767c\u751f\u7684\u662f\u8d77\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9670\u8b00\u3002\u7fa4\u773e\u8d77\u7fa9\u662f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7406\u7531\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u51dd\u805a\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u9769\u547d\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u5011\u516c\u958b\u6253\u9020\u4e86\u7fa4\u773e\u8d77\u7fa9\u7684\u610f\u9858\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8d77\u7fa9\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u52dd\u5229\u3002\u7136\u800c\u73fe\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff1a\u62d2\u7d55\u52dd\u5229\uff0c\u9054\u6210\u5354\u8b70\u3002\u8981\u548c\u8ab0\u9054\u6210\u5354\u8b70\uff1f\u4f60\u5011\u9019\u4e9b\u53ef\u6190\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f60\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u7834\u7522\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u5011\u7684\u6232\u4efd\u5df2\u7d93\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u3002\u6efe\u9032\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u5783\u573e\u6876\u88e1\u5427\uff0c\u5f9e\u73fe\u5728\u958b\u59cb\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u5011\u6ce8\u5b9a\u7684\u6b78\u5bbf\uff01\u300d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u7d05\u8ecd\uff1a\u524d\u9032\uff0c\u524d\u9032\uff01<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6578\u767e\u842c\u4eba\u55aa\u751f\u5728\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7684\u6230\u5834\u4e0a\u3002\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u4e3b\u5f35\u4fc4\u570b\u9000\u51fa\u9019\u5834\u5c60\u6bba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u570b\u969b\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u7d1a\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u8b93\u4fc4\u570b\u5c48\u670d\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u5e9c\u8a66\u5716\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u8afe\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279-\u5229\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u8ac7\u4e2d\u62b5\u64cb\u4e86\u5fb7\u570b\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u4f46\u5e7e\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u5354\u7d04\u570b\u4fbf\u5c0d\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u767c\u52d5\u4e86\u5165\u4fb5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7576\u6642\u5fc5\u9808\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u652f\u300c\u5de5\u8fb2\u7d05\u8ecd\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u5217\u5be7\u8aaa\u670d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9818\u5c0e\u9019\u652f\u8ecd\u968a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5c0d\u65bc\u9769\u547d\u662f\u751f\u6b7b\u6538\u95dc\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

1918-20\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u5171\u548c\u570b\u88ab\u5341\u5e7e\u500b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5217\u5f37\u7684\u8ecd\u968a\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u9019\u6bb5\u5167\u6230\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6975\u9650\u7684\u58ef\u8209\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6307\u63ee\u5b98\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u662f\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u9818\u5c0e\u9019\u4e00\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u8ecd\u4e8b\u884c\u52d5\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u4e86\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0d\u6297\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u767d\u8ecd\u9a0e\u5175\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7d44\u5efa\u4e86\u7d05\u8ecd\u9a0e\u5175\u968a\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u300c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u4e0a\u99ac\uff01\u300d\u50cf\u91ce\u706b\u4e00\u6a23\u5728\u7fa4\u773e\u4e2d\u9593\u8513\u5ef6\u958b\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7d044\u842c\u540d\u524d\u6c99\u7687\u8ecd\u5b98\u88ab\u62db\u52df\u5165\u7d05\u8ecd\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u592e\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5e79\u90e8\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u76e3\u7763\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u59d4\u54e1\u88ab\u59d4\u4efb\u9032\u90e8\u968a\u88e1\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7d1a\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5c08\u5bb6\u6703\u642d\u914d\u5169\u540d\u5de5\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u76e3\u7763\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u540d\u5de5\u4eba\u5e36\u8457\u9769\u547d\u8ecd\u4e8b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u767d\u5929\u9ed1\u591c\uff0c\u6c7a\u4e0d\u8b93\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ecd\u5b98\u96e2\u958b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8996\u7dda\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5169\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5217\u8eca\u99b3\u9a01\u5168\u570b\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u70ba\u5404\u5730\u524d\u7dda\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u9f13\u821e\u9003\u5175\u8fd4\u56de\u90e8\u968a\uff0c\u4e26\u89e3\u6c7a\u5404\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u9a5a\u96aa\u7684\u6642\u523b\u662f\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u3002\u7d05\u8ecd\u963b\u64cb\u4e0d\u4e86\u767d\u885b\u8ecd\u5c24\u767b\u5c3c\u5947\uff08Yudenich\uff09\u7684\u7a81\u64ca\u968a\u3002\u5b63\u8afe\u7dad\u4e5f\u592b\u504f\u982d\u75db\u5730\u8eba\u5728\u6c99\u767c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6295\u964d\u4ea4\u51fa\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u5e78\u597d\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u5217\u8eca\u53ca\u6642\u8d95\u5230\uff0c\u4e26\u9818\u5c0e\u9019\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9632\u79a6\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u7d05\u8ecd\u6253\u6557\u4e86\u5c24\u767b\u5c3c\u5947\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5fc3\u81df\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n

1923\u52301927\u5e74\uff1a\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u9019\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u6bc0\u8b17\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6c92\u6709\u63a1\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u52d5\u963b\u6b62\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e0a\u53f0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5247\u8aaa\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e5f\u662f\u500b\u6e34\u671b\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7531\u4ed6\u63a5\u4efb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4eba\u8aaa\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6703\u6bd4\u65af\u5927\u6797\u66f4\u7cdf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u300d\u5011\u4e00\u76f4\u8aaa\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u662f\u500b\u81ea\u6eff\u3001\u6e34\u6c42\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u865b\u507d\u7684\u5c0f\u4eba\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u634f\u9020\u7684\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5c0d\u602f\u61e6\u6216\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u61f6\u60f0\u5f9e\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5fcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u6703\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ea6\u6575\u4ea6\u53cb\u7684\u4eba\u6216\u653f\u6575\u80cc\u5f8c\u4f7f\u9670\u8b00\u8a6d\u8a08\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u89ba\u5f97\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6df7\u5e33\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u6703\u7576\u9762\u7f75\u4ed6\u6df7\u5e33\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u4f34\u4fb6\u7d0d\u5854\u5229\u5a6d\u00b7\u585e\u591a\u5a03\uff08Natalia Sedova\uff09\u63cf\u8ff0\u904e\u4e00\u6b21\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u906d\u9047\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u300c\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\u5230\u963f\u62c9\u6728\u5716\u524d\u5169\u4e09\u500b\u6708\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6703\u8b70\u3002\u89aa\u5bc6\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u548c\u670b\u53cb\u5011\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b49\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u958b\u5b8c\u6703\uff0c\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u6234\u7dad\u591a\u7dad\u5947\uff08Lev Davidovich\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u672c\u540d\uff09\u548c\u76ae\u9054\u53ef\u592b\uff08Pyatakov\uff09\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u597d\u4e86\u89e3\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002\u6211\u8a18\u5f97\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u5728\u7b49\u4e0d\u8010\u7169\u4e86\u3002\u6703\u8b70\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u9577\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u56de\u4f86\u7684\u662f\u76ae\u9054\u53ef\u592b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7b49\u8457\u807d\u4ed6\u6703\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002\u4ed6\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8a71\u90fd\u6c92\u8aaa\uff0c\u81c9\u8272\u84bc\u767d\uff0c\u8033\u6735\u767c\u71d9\u3002\u4ed6\u60c5\u7dd2\u5f88\u6fc0\u52d5\u3002\u4ed6\u7ad9\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u7d66\u81ea\u5df1\u5012\u4e86\u676f\u6c34\uff0c\u559d\u4e00\u53e3\u3002\u4ed6\u64e6\u6389\u984d\u982d\u4e0a\u7684\u6c57\u6c34\uff0c\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u5c31\u7ad9\u5728\u6700\u524d\u9762\u3002\u6211\u5f9e\u672a\u898b\u904e\u90a3\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\uff01\u300f\u7136\u5f8c\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u6234\u7dad\u591a\u7dad\u5947\u9032\u9580\u4e86\u3002\u76ae\u9054\u53ef\u592b\u8f49\u8eab\u8ddf\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u4f60\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5c0d\u4ed6\uff08\u65af\u5927\u6797\uff09\u8aaa\u90a3\u7a2e\u8a71\u3002\u4f60\u7684\u820c\u982d\u600e\u9ebc\u4e86\uff1f\u4ed6\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u539f\u8ad2\u60a8\uff0c\u6216\u60a8\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u60a8\u7684\u5b6b\u5b50\uff01\u300f\u807d\u8aaa\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u6234\u7dad\u591a\u7dad\u5947\u7f75\u65af\u5927\u6797\u662f\u300e\u9ee8\u548c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6398\u5893\u4eba\u300f\u2026\u2026\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u6234\u7dad\u591a\u7dad\u5947\u6c92\u6709\u56de\u61c9\u3002\u6c92\u4ec0\u9ebc\u597d\u8aaa\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u7121\u8ad6\u4ed8\u51fa\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4ee3\u50f9\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u8b1b\u771f\u8a71\u3002\u300d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u8eab\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u842c\u7684\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u963b\u7919\u8457\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5148\u9a45\uff0c\u6709\u666e\u5217\u5967\u5e03\u62c9\u4efb\u65af\u57fa\uff08Preobrazhensky\uff09\u8ddf\u65af\u7c73\u723e\u8afe\u592b\u7684\u624d\u667a\uff0c\u6709\u76ae\u9054\u53ef\u592b\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u624d\u80fd\uff0c\u6709\u85a9\u666e\u7f85\u8afe\u592b\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u76f4\u89ba\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5168\u90fd\u5718\u7d50\u5728\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\uff081923\u201327\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u7db1\u9818\u4e0b\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7db1\u9818\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u8d77\u8349\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u9023\u5217\u5be7\u53bb\u4e16\u524d\u90fd\u6642\u5e38\u5beb\u4fe1\u6279\u8a55\u65af\u5927\u6797\u548c\u5f97\u52e2\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u968e\u5c64\u3002\u5217\u5be7\u65bc1924\u5e74\u521d\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u751a\u81f3\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u6b7b\u4f86\u978f\u56fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

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