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Marcus Hesse \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u66ff\u4ee3\uff08ISA\u5fb7\u570b\uff09<\/p>\n

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1918\u5e74\u5165\u4fb5\u8607\u4fc4\u7684\u7f8e\u8ecd\u548c\u65e5\u8ecd<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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1921<\/strong>\u5e74\u7684\u4e8c\u6708\u5371\u6a5f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u7fa4\u773e\u7684\u7d55\u671b\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u9a45\u4f7f\u4e0b\uff0c\u53cd\u7336\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u4e0d\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u963f\u592b\u91cc\u5947\uff08Paul Avrich\uff09\u5728\u5176\u95dc\u65bc\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u53db\u4e82\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u7c60\u7f69\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7336\u592a\u793e\u5340\u7684\u6050\u614c\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5bb3\u6015\u767c\u751f\u6d41\u8840\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6c11\u773e\u8f49\u5411\u7531\u5b63\u8afe\u7dad\u4e5f\u592b\uff08Zinoviev\uff09\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u4fdd\u885b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u3002\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u5728\u8ecd\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5c01\u9396\u4e86\u5de5\u5ee0\uff0c\u4e26\u902e\u6355\u4e86\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9ee8\u6d3e\u7684\u717d\u52d5\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u8ac7\u5224\u6210\u529f\u9632\u6b62\u4e8b\u614b\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u60e1\u5316\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7269\u8cc7\u4ecd\u88ab\u5f37\u884c\u5fb5\u7528\uff0c\u5371\u6a5f\u5728\u9eb5\u5305\u5206\u914d\u6062\u5fa9\u5f8c\u7d50\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u53db\u4e82\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u5b83\u8207\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u7f77\u5de5\u76f8\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u53db\u4e82\u7206\u767c\u6642\uff0c\u7f77\u5de5\u5df2\u7d93\u7d50\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d77\u8ecd\u57fa\u5730\u7684\u53db\u4e82<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"\"
1917\u5e74\u7684\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u6c34\u5175\u6253\u51fa\u300c\u6253\u5012\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u90e8\u9577\u300d\u53e3\u865f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

2002\u5e74\uff0c\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u84cb\u8328\u52d2\uff08Israel Getzler\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f971917-21\u5e74\u2014\u8607\u806f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u547d\u904b\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u8b49\u660e1921\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u53db\u8ecd\u57281917\u5e74\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u6ce2\u7f85\u7684\u6d77\u8266\u968a\u670d\u5f79\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6210\u529f\u505a\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u99d0\u8ecd\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5e74\u7d00\u592a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u57281917\u5e74\u670d\u5f79\u3002\u4ed6\u78ba\u5be6\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\uff0c\u99d0\u8ecd\u4e2d\u8a31\u591a\u57281917\u5e74\u662f\u9ee8\u54e1\u7684\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u6c34\u624b\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u5df2\u7d93\u96e2\u958b\uff0c\u5230\u524d\u7dda\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u5d17\u4f4d\u4e0a\u670d\u5f79\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u9000\u9ee8\u7684\u9ee8\u54e1\u662f\u57281919\u5e74\u6216\u4ee5\u5f8c\u52a0\u5165\u7684\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u5df2\u7d93\u4e0d\u6307\u671b\u4ed6\u5011\u505a\u51fa\u9019\u7a2e\u72a7\u7272\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6c34\u624b\u4e2d\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u54e1\u4eba\u6578\u5728\u5167\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u6642\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u6216\u672a\u7e73\u7d0d\u9ee8\u8cbb\u800c\u9000\u9ee8\u3002\u5728\u4f86\u81ea\u8fb2\u6c11\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6c34\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7570\u5316\u73fe\u8c61\u5c24\u5176\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u4f86\u81ea\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u7684\u66f4\u7e41\u69ae\u548c\u7ce7\u98df\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u5730\u5340\u7684\u8a71\u60c5\u6cc1\u5c31\u66f4\u70ba\u56b4\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u7d041.6\u842c\u540d\u6d77\u54e1\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6c34\u624b\u4ecd\u7136\u5805\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5fe0\u65bc\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u99d0\u8ecd\u5167\u90e8\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a\u8a31\u591a\u6c34\u5175\u62d2\u7d55\u53c3\u52a0\u53db\u4e82\uff0c\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u53cd\u5c0d\u53db\u4e82\u3002\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u53db\u4e82\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u5f7c\u5f97\u91cc\u7434\u79d1\uff08Stepan Petrichenko\uff09\u7684\u526f\u624b\u5967\u5217\u8f9b\uff08Ivan Oreshin\uff09\u7684\u89aa\u773c\u6240\u898b\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u54e1\u5728\u99d0\u8ecd\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u6c34\u624b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u4eba\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6458\u81ea\u5967\u5217\u8f9b1924\u5e74\u5beb\u7684\u7b46\u8a18<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"\"
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\u65e9\u57281920\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5c31\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u7528\u7d2f\u9032\u6240\u5f97\u7a05\u53d6\u4ee3\u7ce7\u98df\u5fb5\u6536\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u96a8\u5f8c\u5728\u9ee8\u5167\u88ab\u5426\u6c7a\u3002\u4f46\u57281921\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u65b0\u7d93\u6fdf\u653f\u7b56\u88ab\u63a1\u7d0d\u3002\u9019\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6eff\u8db3\u4e86\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u6c34\u624b\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u8a34\u6c42\uff0c\u7528\u7ce7\u98df\u7a05\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u7ce7\u98df\u5fb5\u6536\uff0c\u4e26\u518d\u6b21\u5141\u8a31\u5c0f\u578b\u79c1\u4eba\u8cbf\u6613\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u8fb2\u6c11\u3001\u624b\u5de5\u696d\u8005\u548c\u5c0f\u5546\u4eba\u53d7\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u9019\u52a0\u5f37\u4e86\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5316\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5fa9\u8f9f\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\uff0c\u53db\u4e82\u6495\u958b\u4e86\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u50b7\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53db\u4e82\u5728\u9ee8\u7684\u7b2c\u5341\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u671f\u9593\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u53db\u4e82\u5931\u6557\u5f8c\uff0c\u9ee8\u5927\u6703\u9084\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u884c\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5728\u5371\u6a5f\u4e2d\u978f\u56fa\u9ee8\u7684\u5718\u7d50\uff0c\u5927\u6703\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u7981\u6b62\u9ee8\u5167\u6d3e\u5225\u7684\u6c7a\u8b70\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u975e\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u5f97\u4ee5\u589e\u9032\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5012\u9000\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u61c9\u5fd8\u8a18\uff0c\u76f4\u52301920\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u9769\u547d\u9ee8\u4eba\u3001\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u548c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u5920\u53c3\u52a0\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u9078\u8209\u548c\u5de5\u5ee0\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u9078\u8209\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7c89\u788e\u4e86\u5de6\u7ffc\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u6a5f\u69cb\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u624d\u7d50\u675f\u6389\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4ff1\u6a02\u90e8\u548c\u5354\u6703\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u88ab\u53d6\u7de0\u548c\u95dc\u9589\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7d50\u8ad6<\/strong><\/p>\n

1921\u5e74\u7684\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5de5\u8fb2\u8207\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5728\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3001\u98e2\u9913\u548c\u75b2\u618a\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u58eb\u6c23\u4f4e\u843d\u7684\u5de5\u8fb2\u8207\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\u4e4b\u9593\u6700\u5177\u6232\u5287\u6027\u548c\u8c61\u5fb5\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u9ad8\u6f6e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53db\u4e82\u6240\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u5834\u5728\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u6399\u624e\u6c42\u751f\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5141\u8a31\u9019\u4e9b\u529b\u91cf\u7e7c\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c1917\u5e74\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u5c31\u6703\u7d42\u7d50\u3002\u5404\u985e\u53cd\u52d5\u52e2\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f15\u6613\u5730\u8eb2\u5728\u00a0\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u54e1\u7684\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u300d\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u5f8c\u9762\u30021921\u5e74\uff0c\u53cd\u52d5\u52e2\u529b\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u6beb\u4e0d\u63a9\u98fe\u5730\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u900f\u904e\u6c92\u6709\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u7684\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u9019\u4e00\u5f4e\u8def\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u9ee8\u7acb\u61b2\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u7c73\u7559\u79d1\u592b\uff08Miliukov\uff09\u88ab\u5217\u5be7\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5f15\u70ba\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u57281921\u5e74\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u570b\u5916\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u8b49\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\uff09\u5c0d\u53db\u4e82\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u662f\u591a\u9ebc\u7684\u6b23\u559c\u82e5\u72c2\u3002<\/p>\n

1921\u5e74\u7684\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u548c\u73fe\u5728\u90fd\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u88ab\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff09\u4f5c\u70ba\u8207\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5283\u6e05\u754c\u7dda\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9084\u5728\u7ffb\u9ad8\u5fb7\u66fc\u3001\u4f2f\u514b\u66fc\u3001\u6c83\u6797\uff08Voline\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5c0d\u53db\u4e82\u7684\u820a\u5e33\uff0c\u800c\u53db\u4e82\u7684\u53cd\u52d5\u9762\u57fa\u672c\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u6216\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u963f\u592b\u91cc\u5947\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

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1921\u5e74\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6b63\u8655\u65bc\u5e7e\u4e4e\u8981\u52a0\u5165\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u5718\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5168\u570b\u52de\u5de5\u806f\u76df\uff08CNT\uff09\u5c24\u5176\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u300c\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u300d\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7576\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u6700\u5f8c\u4e0d\u52a0\u5165\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7279\u5225\u662f\u50cf\u9ad8\u5fb7\u66fc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u8b74\u8cac\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d05\u8ecd\u9996\u9818\u93ae\u58d3\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u53db\u4e82\u3002\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\u53f2\u592a\u6797\u52a0\u5f37\u93ae\u58d3\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u537b\u62d2\u7d55\u8072\u63f4\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u3002\u9ad8\u5fb7\u66fc\u5728\u00a0\u300c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5be9\u5224\u300d\u4e2d\u5c0d\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9032\u884c\u8840\u8165\u8feb\u5bb3\u5f8c\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u6297\u8b70\u5f97\u592a\u591a\u4e86\uff01\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7576\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e2d\u5411\u5728\u653b\u514b\u5580\u7405\u65bd\u5854\u5f97\u4e2d\u72a7\u7272\u7684\u7d05\u8ecd\u6230\u58eb\u81f4\u656c\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u8b1b\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\u9019\u756a\u8a71\uff1b\u9451\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u60b2\u6158\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u4e00\u842c\u540d\u70ba\u4fdd\u885b\u9769\u547d\u800c\u72a7\u7272\u7684\u6230\u58eb\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u96d6\u7136\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u53ef\u60b2\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u537b\u5f88\u6070\u7576\uff1a<\/p>\n

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