{"id":29913,"date":"2021-06-18T20:30:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-18T12:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/?p=29913"},"modified":"2021-06-18T20:28:52","modified_gmt":"2021-06-18T12:28:52","slug":"%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%ef%bc%9a%e7%8f%be%e4%bb%a3%e8%b2%a8%e5%b9%a3%e7%90%86%e8%ab%96%e9%82%84%e6%98%af%e9%a6%ac%e5%85%8b%e6%80%9d%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinaworker.info\/zh-hant\/2021\/06\/18\/29913\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7d93\u6fdf\uff1a\u73fe\u4ee3\u8ca8\u5e63\u7406\u8ad6\u9084\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u8d0f\u5f97\u7da0\u8272\u65b0\u653f\u548c\u5168\u6c11\u91ab\u4fdd<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u65b9\u6848<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tony Gong \u00a0\u00a0\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u66ff\u4ee3\uff08ISA\u7f8e\u570b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5168\u7403\u7d93\u6fdf\u5371\u6a5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u958b\u652f\u6709\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u5b78\u751f\u548c\u9752\u5e74\u6b63\u5728\u70ba\u5168\u6c11\u91ab\u4fdd\u3001\u53d6\u6d88\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u50b5\u52d9\u548c\u7da0\u8272\u65b0\u653f\u800c\u5954\u8d70\u547c\u865f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u7576\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4eba\u548c\u5171\u548c\u9ee8\u4eba\u5c31\u6703\u554f\uff1a\u300c\u8ab0\u8981\u70ba\u6b64\u57cb\u55ae\uff1f\u300d\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u5011\u63d0\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5f88\u865b\u507d\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u61c9\u5c0d\u6b64\u8aa0\u5be6\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u4ee3\u8ca8\u5e63\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Modern Monetary Theory\uff0cMMT\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u53d7\u5de6\u7ffc\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002MMT\u8a8d\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u958b\u652f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u8ca8\u5e63\u653f\u7b56\uff08\u5373\u300c\u5370\u9214\u300d\uff09\u7372\u53d6\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8cc7\u91d1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u64d4\u5fc3\u901a\u8ca8\u81a8\u8139\u3002MMT\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u65b0\u51a0\u80ba\u708e\u6551\u6fdf\u8a08\u5283\u4e0a\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u523a\u6fc0\u958b\u652f\u9054\u6578\u842c\u5104\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u9019\u8b49\u660e\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u5c31\u696d\u548c\u793e\u6703\u8a08\u5283\u63d0\u4f9b\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8cc7\u91d1\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5de6\u7ffc\u773e\u8b70\u54e1\u5967\u5361\u897f\u5967-\u79d1\u723e\u7279\u65af\uff08Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez\uff09\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cMMT\u300c\u7d55\u5c0d\u300d\u9700\u8981\u300c\u5728\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4f54\u66f4\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff08Bernie Sanders\uff09\u5728\u5169\u6b21\u7e3d\u7d71\u7af6\u9078\u4e2d\u90fd\u8b93MMT\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u51f1\u723e\u9813\uff08Stephanie Kelton\uff09\u64d4\u4efb\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7d93\u6fdf\u9867\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u672a\u66fe\u5be6\u73fe\u904e\u9577\u671f\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u696d\uff0c\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u5728\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e0b\u6240\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u6539\u5584\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u96a8\u6642\u6703\u88ab\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u7d1a\u6536\u56de\u3002\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u5229\u7528\u5931\u696d\u7684\u8981\u8105\u4f86\u58d3\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u62d2\u7d55\u793e\u6703\u958b\u652f\uff0c\u751f\u6015\u8ca1\u5bcc\u6d41\u5411\u52de\u52d5\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u81f4\u529b\u6253\u64ca\u5de5\u4eba\u70ba\u722d\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u6b0a\u76ca\u800c\u596e\u9b25\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0cMMT\u771f\u7684\u80fd\u5920\u7dad\u8b77\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\u4e26\u6cbb\u6108\u5b83\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0cMMT\u5c0d\u65bc\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u4f7f\u5b83\u6b65\u5c65\u8e63\u8dda\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u5920\u5e36\u4f86\u91cd\u5927\u8b8a\u9769\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u722d\u53d6\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u6c11\u91ab\u4fdd\u548c\u7da0\u8272\u65b0\u653f\uff1b\u4f46MMT\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u4f9d\u9760\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u5b83\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u6280\u8853\u5b98\u50da\u4f86\u8207\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u59a5\u5354\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u53ea\u6703\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u6539\u8b8a\u7db1\u9818\u8abf\u4f4e\uff0c\u4e26\u524a\u5f31\u7fa4\u773e\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0cMMT\u7d42\u7a76\u9084\u662f\u5c07\u793e\u6703\u958b\u652f\u8996\u70ba\u5e6b\u52a9\u7f8e\u570b\u4f01\u696d\u64fa\u812b\u7576\u524d\u856d\u689d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u4eba\u6c11\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u904e\u53bb10\u5e74\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u5bec\u9b06\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u5370\u9214\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u6703\u5c07\u8d85\u767c\u8ca8\u5e63\u9032\u884c\u6709\u6548\u6295\u8cc7\u4f86\u300c\u89e3\u6c7a\u300d\u7d93\u6fdf\u856d\u689d\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6578\u5e7e\u500b\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9078\u64c7\u5370\u9214\u3002\u5728\u7576\u524d\u5e2d\u6372\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u4e2d\uff0cMMT\u5c0d\u65bc\u5168\u7403\u5c0b\u6c42\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u73fe\u4ee3\u8ca8\u5e63\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>MMT\u65e2\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u904b\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u975e\u4e3b\u6d41\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u653f\u7b56\u5efa\u8b70\u3002MMT\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8ca8\u5e63\u4e0d\u662f\u8d77\u6e90\u81ea\u65bc\u7269\u54c1\u4ea4\u63db\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u767c\u884c\u8ca8\u5e63\u4e26\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ca8\u5e63\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u7576\u570b\u5bb6\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u7a2e\u6771\u897f\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7a05\u91d1\u3001\u50b5\u52d9\u3001\u7f70\u6b3e\u7684\u4ed8\u6b3e\u65b9\u5f0f\u6642\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u9ec3\u91d1\u9084\u662f\u6bd4\u7279\u5e63\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u8ca8\u5e63\uff0c\u4e14\uff0c\u8a72\u570b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7d0d\u7a05\u4eba\uff09\u90fd\u88ab\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f37\u5236\u8981\u6c42\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u8ca8\u5e63\u3002\u65bc\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u6771\u897f\u300d\u5c31\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u53ef\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u901a\u5546\u8ca8\u5e63\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u570b\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u5c07\u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u7a2e\u8ca8\u5e63\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u570b\u6703\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MMT\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e5f\u501f\u52a9\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4f86\u5f37\u5316\u6709\u95dc\u8ca8\u5e63\u6e90\u81ea\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6d89\u53ca\u7bc4\u570d\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff0c\u5f9e\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u8ca8\u5e63\u5728\u7a05\u6536\u4e2d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3001\u53e4\u4ee3\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u50b7\u4ea1\u8ce0\u511f\uff0c\u5230\u82f1\u570b\u901a\u904e\u5fb5\u7a05\u4f7f\u975e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5be6\u73fe\u8ca8\u5e63\u5316\u90fd\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MMT\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8ca8\u5e63\u6e90\u81ea\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u96a8\u610f\u5275\u9020\u548c\u92b7\u6bc0\u8ca8\u5e63\uff1b\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u904e\u7a05\u6536\u4f86\u7c4c\u96c6\u653f\u5e9c\u958b\u652f\u6240\u9700\u8cc7\u91d1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002MMT\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5728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Mosler\uff09\u8207\u4e00\u7fa4\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u6709\u95dc\u5f8c\u51f1\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7dda\u4e0a\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8ad6\u58c7\u4e2d\u8a95\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>MMT<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8a08\u5283\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u4fdd\u969c\u548c\u901a\u8ca8\u81a8\u8139<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>MMT\u7684\u64c1\u8b77\u8005\u5011\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u5de6\u50be\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u71b1\u5207\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u7da0\u8272\u65b0\u653f\u7b49\u8a08\u5283\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u5c07\u61c9\u5c0d\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u5316\u3001\u7d42\u7d50\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u56da\u7981\u548c\u5168\u6c11\u91ab\u4fdd\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u8207\u61c9\u5c0d\u5927\u856d\u689d\u548c\u4e8c\u6230\u7684\u56b4\u5cfb\u6311\u6230\u76f8\u63d0\u4e26\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MMT\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c07\u7da0\u8272\u65b0\u653f\u8207\u7f85\u65af\u798f\u65b0\u653f\u76f8\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7da0\u8272\u65b0\u653f\u4e5f\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u6709\u5176\u53cd\u9031\u671f\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u904e\u589e\u52a0\u6295\u8cc7\u548c\u958b\u652f\u4f86\u62b5\u6d88\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0b\u6ed1\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u793e\u6703\u958b\u652f\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u6210\u672c\u5c07\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u79d1\u723e\u9813\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8cc7\u91d1\u4e0d\u662f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u53ea\u8981\u570b\u6703\u6388\u6b0a\u2026\u2026\u5e7e\u5343\u5104\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u8ca8\u5e63\u767c\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u806f\u5132\u53ea\u8981\u4fdd\u8b49\u652f\u7968\u80fd\u5920\u514c\u73fe\u3002\u300dMMT\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u4f9d\u9760\u7f8e\u806f\u5132\u70ba\u8a72\u8a08\u5283\u5370\u9322\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u8ff4\u907f\u4e86\u8ab0\u8981\u70ba\u7da0\u8272\u65b0\u653f\u51fa\u9322\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u4e86\u56de\u61c9\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u5370\u9214\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u901a\u8139\u7684\u64d4\u6182\uff0cMMT\u4ee5\u51f1\u6069\u65af\u95dc\u65bc\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u696d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u3002MMT\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5275\u9020\u8ca8\u5e63\u8207\u751f\u7522\u529b\u63d0\u5347\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u901a\u8ca8\u81a8\u8139\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u5be6\u73fe\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u696d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u65b0\u8ca8\u5e63\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u901a\u8ca8\u81a8\u8139\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u653f\u5e9c\u672c\u8eab\u61c9\u8a72\u901a\u904e\u300c\u5c31\u696d\u4fdd\u8b49\u300d\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b49\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u696d\u3002\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u4f4e\u8ff7\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7dad\u6301\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u958b\u652f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7522\u91cf\u751f\u7522\uff0c\u4e26\u6e1b\u8f15\u5931\u696d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u75db\u82e6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u904e\u53bb10\u5e74\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4f7f\u9019\u7a2e\u901a\u8139\u7406\u8ad6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8b8a\u5f97\u6709\u64da\u53ef\u4f9d\u3002\u7f8e\u806f\u5132\u901a\u904e\u300c\u91cf\u5316\u5bec\u9b06\u300d\u5370\u51fa\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u9322\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u901a\u8139\u7387\u4ecd\u7136\u504f\u4f4e\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u4f4e\u901a\u8139\u7387\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f2008\u5e74\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u6a5f\u6240\u66b4\u9732\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u5371\u6a5f\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u62d2\u7d55\u5c07\u65b0\u7522\u751f\u7684\u9322\u82b1\u5728\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u3001\u5de5\u8cc7\u3001\u5ee0\u623f\u7b49\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c07\u5176\u6295\u5165\u5230\u6295\u6a5f\u6027\u8cc7\u7522\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u768420\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u751f\u7522\u904e\u5269\u548c\u6d41\u5411\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u4efd\u984d\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u8cc7\u7522\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4f4f\u623f\u548c\u80a1\u7968\uff09\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u6295\u6a5f\u6027\u4e26\u81a8\u8139\u5230\u5929\u50f9\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e5f\u9762\u81e8\u901a\u7e2e\u58d3\u529b\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u85a9\u9ed8\u65af\uff08Larry Summers\uff09\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u73fe\u8c61\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u300c\u9577\u671f\u505c\u6eef\u300d\u3002MMT\u672a\u80fd\u8b49\u660e\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u5ba3\u7a31\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u6cd5\u5247\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u8207MMT\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u904e\u53bb10\u5e74\u7684\u4f4e\u901a\u8139\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u4e0d\u55ae\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u5716\u7684\u6295\u8cc7\uff0c\u9084\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u901a\u7e2e\u58d3\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u79c9\u627f\u51f1\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0cMMT\u5efa\u8b70\u901a\u904e\u8af8\u5982\u5c31\u696d\u4fdd\u8b49\u7b49\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u7528\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u516c\u5171\u958b\u652f\u4f86\u5f4c\u88dc\u79c1\u4eba\u6295\u8cc7\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5c31\u696d\u4fdd\u8b49\u5c07\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u60f3\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bcf\u5c0f\u664215\u7f8e\u5143\u5de5\u8cc7\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8d77\u9ede\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5c31\u696d\u4fdd\u8b49\u5021\u5c0e\u8005\u5207\u723e\u6d85\u5a03\uff08Pavlina 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