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shehuizhuyizhe@gmail.com<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u539f\u5b9a\u65bc2012\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u53ec\u958b\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u5c46\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\uff08\u7c21\u7a31\u201d\u5341\u516b\u5927\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u6703\u8b70\u5c07\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e2d\u5171\u65b0\u4e00\u4efb\u9818\u5c0e\u5c64\u548c\u57f7\u653f\u96c6\u5718\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e16\u4eba\u5ee3\u6cdb\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u64da\u8def\u900f\u793e\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7ba1\u9053\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4e2d\u5171\u9ad8\u5c64\u5167\u90e8\u9b25\u722d\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u201c\u5341\u516b\u5927\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u5ef6\u81f32012\u5e74\u5e95\u4e43\u81f3\u660e\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u53ec\u958b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eca\u5e74\u4f0a\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u52e2\u5c31\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u6232\u5287\u6027\u8b8a\u5316\u30022\u67086\u65e5\u524d\u91cd\u6176\u5e02\u526f\u5e02\u9577\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u9577\u201d\u6253\u9ed1\u82f1\u96c4\u201d\u738b\u7acb\u8ecd\u56e0\u51fa\u8d70\u6210\u90fd\u7f8e\u9818\u9928\u906d\u5317\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u8abf\u67e5\u30023\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u738b\u7acb\u8ecd\u4e0a\u53f8\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u59d4\u54e1\u8584\u7199\u4f86\u88ab\u514d\u53bb\u91cd\u6176\u5e02\u59d4\u66f8\u8a18\u8077\u52d9\uff1b4\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u539f\u6709\u671b\u5728\u201d\u5341\u516b\u5927\u201d\u6649\u5347\u65b0\u4e00\u5c46\u6700\u9ad8\u9818\u5c0e\u5c64\u7684\u8584\u7199\u4f86\u56e0\u9055\u7d00\u88ab\u514d\u53bb\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u59d4\u54e1\u8077\u52d9\u63a5\u53d7\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u5176\u59bb\u5b50\u8584\u8c37\u958b\u4f86\u6d89\u5acc\u6bba\u5bb3\u82f1\u570b\u5546\u4eba(Neil Heywood)\u800c\u88ab\u79fb\u9001\u53f8\u6cd5\u6a5f\u95dc\u8655\u7406\u3002\u6a19\u699c\u201d\u5531\u7d05\u3001\u6253\u9ed1\u3001\u5171\u5bcc\u201d\u800c\u55a7\u56c2\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u201d\u91cd\u6176\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u7531\u6b64\u5ba3\u544a\u7d42\u7d50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u9280\u884c\u806f\u5408\u767c\u4f48\u300a2030\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\uff1a\u5efa\u8a2d\u73fe\u4ee3\u3001\u548c\u8ae7\u3001\u6709\u5275\u9020\u529b\u7684\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u793e\u6703\u300b\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u660e\u78ba\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u201d\u5728\u7d93\u6b77\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u9ad8\u901f\u589e\u9577\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5df2\u7d93\u5230\u9054\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u8f49\u6369\u9ede\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u9032\u884c\u6839\u672c\u6027\u6230\u7565\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002\u201d\u5831\u544a\u63d0\u51fa\u52302030\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6709\u4f01\u696d\u5360\u570b\u6c11\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8981\u5f9e\u7576\u524d\u768427%\u964d\u81f310%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u7576\u5c40\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52d5\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\uff08\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\u7684\u4f01\u5716\u662d\u7136\u82e5\u63ed\uff0c\u570b\u52d9\u9662\u7e3d\u7406\u6eab\u5bb6\u5bf6\u66f4\u5728\u5176\u4efb\u671f\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u5e74\u9ad8\u8abf\u5ba3\u4f48\u201d\u6539\u9769\u5230\u4e86\u653b\u5805\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9032\u884c\u5230\u5e95\u2026\u2026\u70ba\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u4e8b\u696d\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u596e\u9b25\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u201d\u5169\u6703\u904e\u53bb\u4e0d\u904e\u6708\u4f59\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u91d1\u878d\u7279\u5340\u7684\u6539\u5236\u5982\u706b\u5982\u837c\uff0c\u6c11\u71df\u5316\uff08\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u5916\u8cc7\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u6539\u5c0f\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u6536\u8cfc\uff0c\u5927\u9023\u3001\u5929\u6d25\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u6eab\u5dde\u3001\u5ec8\u9580\u3001\u5ee3\u5dde\u3001\u6d77\u5357\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u897f\u5b89\u3001\u91cd\u6176\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u7701\u5e02\u7d1b\u7d1b\u63a8\u51fa\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u5341\u9918\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u9583\u4eae\u7121\u6bd4\u7684\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u6700\u5f8c\u201c\u74dc\u5206\u76db\u5bb4\u201d\u7684\u760b\u72c2\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c07\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u6b77\u53f2\u547d\u904b\u7684\u76e1\u982d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5168\u6c11\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6b77\u7d93\u201d\u5927\u8e8d\u9032\u201d\u3001\u201d\u53cd\u53f3\u201d\u3001\u201d\u56db\u6e05\u201d\u548c\u201d\u6587\u9769\u5341\u5e74\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f27\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u515a\u5b98\u50da\u5c08\u5236\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5c0e\u81f4\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u6975\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u52d5\u76ea\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u5167\u90e8\u9b25\u722d\u983b\u983b\u3002\u5b98\u50da\u96c6\u5718\u66fe\u6709\u7684\u201d\u9769\u547d\u7406\u60f3\u201d\u5df2\u5316\u70ba\u70cf\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u773e\u591a\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u773e\u4e5f\u4ecd\u8655\u65bc\u8ca7\u56f0\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u71b1\u60c5\u5df2\u7d93\u8017\u76e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1976\u5e74\uff0c\u5468\u6069\u4f86\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u6578\u767e\u842c\u7fa4\u773e\u53c3\u8207\u201d\u56db\u4e94\u5929\u5b89\u9580\u904b\u52d5\u201d\uff0c\u660e\u78ba\u53cd\u5c0d\u6bdb\u6fa4\u6771\u548c\u201d\u56db\u4eba\u5e6b\u201d\u70ba\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u9ee8\u5167\u201d\u9020\u53cd\u6d3e\u201d\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u65b0\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u5c08\u5236\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u56b4\u82db\u93ae\u58d3\u30021976\u5e749\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u6bdb\u6fa4\u6771\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u201d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u83ef\u570b\u92d2\u8207\u5b98\u50da\u96c6\u5718\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u8449\u528d\u82f1\u548c\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u7b49\u5bc6\u8b00\u653f\u8b8a\uff0c\u201d\u9020\u53cd\u6d3e\u201d\u65b0\u5b98\u50da\u906d\u5230\u6b98\u9177\u6e05\u6d17\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u7dad\u6301\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u8d70\u51fa\u201d\u6bdb\u6fa4\u6771\u6642\u4ee3\u201d\u548c\u201d\u5341\u5e74\u6587\u9769\u201d\u9032\u884c\u8b8a\u9769\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u5171\u9ee8\u5167\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u6d41\u548c\u76f8\u7576\u591a\u6578\u5e95\u5c64\u6c11\u773e\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u9ed8\u8a31\uff09\u7684\u201d\u5171\u8b58\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u4e00\u201d\u5171\u8b58\u201d\u4e26\u975e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u884c\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u201d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5fa9\u8f9f\u73fe\u5be6\u201d\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u5171\u5b98\u50da\u96c6\u5718\u5167\u90e8\u4e5f\u5c0d\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u884c\u201d\u8b8a\u9769\u201d\u548c\u201d\u8b8a\u9769\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u548c\u9673\u96f2\uff08\u6642\u70ba\u4e2d\u5171\u9ee8\u5167\u4e8c\u865f\u4eba\u7269\uff09\u6703\u63d0\u51fa\u201d\u6478\u8457\u77f3\u982d\u904e\u6cb3\u201d\u800c\u5145\u6eff\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1978\u5e74\uff0c\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u7b49\u4e2d\u5171\u9ee8\u5167\u8cc7\u6df1\u5b98\u50da\u632b\u6557\u201d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u83ef\u570b\u92d2\u7b49\u4eba\u57f7\u638c\u4e2d\u5171\u5927\u6b0a\u3002\u540c\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u53ec\u958b\u5341\u4e00\u5c46\u4e09\u4e2d\u5168\uff08\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5c46\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5168\u9ad4\u6703\u8b70\uff09\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u201d\u4ee5\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u70ba\u7db1\u201d\u3001\u201d\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\u4e0b\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9769\u547d\u201d\u7684\u820a\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u201d\u5c0d\u5167\u6539\u9769\u3001\u5c0d\u5916\u958b\u653e\u201d\u7684\u6230\u7565\u6c7a\u7b56\u3002\u70ba\u6b64\u5f8c34\u5e74\u4e2d\u570b\u9032\u884c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\u5168\u9762\u8d0f\u5f97\u7d71\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7406\u8ad6\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e2d\u5171\u7d71\u6cbb\u96c6\u5718\u5167\u90e8\u5c0d\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u8d70\u51fa\u201d\u6bdb\u6fa4\u6771\u6642\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u8def\u5f91\u4e5f\u9817\u591a\u722d\u8b70\u30021980\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\u548c\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u7b49\u9ee8\u5167\u76f8\u5c0d\u53f3\u50be\u7684\u201d\u958b\u660e\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u7a4d\u6975\u63a8\u884c\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u63a5\u89f8\u3001\u5f15\u9032\u5916\u8cc7\u548c\u66f4\u52a0\u5e02\u5834\u5316\u7684\u201d\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u540c\u6642\u63a8\u52d5\u7d93\u6fdf\u6539\u9769\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u7576\u6642\u9673\u96f2\u70ba\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u4e3b\u5f35\u5728\u5b98\u50da\u8a08\u5283\u7d93\u6fdf\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u63a8\u884c\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u5316\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u9084\u63d0\u51fa\u201d\u9ce5\u7c60\u7d93\u6fdf\u201d\u7684\u69cb\u60f3\u3002\u201d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u8def\u7dda\u4e5f\u7d55\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8981\u5fb9\u5e95\u56de\u5230\u6b64\u524d\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u7d93\u6fdf\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8a08\u5283\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u570b\u6709\u7d93\u6fdf\u70ba\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u6210\u70ba\u5169\u7a2e\u201d\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u89c0\u201d\u7684\u8087\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5371\u6a5f\u8207<\/strong><strong>1989<\/strong><strong>\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u96a8\u8457\u5e02\u5834\u5316\u7684\u201d\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u201d\u9010\u6b65\u63a8\u884c\uff0c\u5b98\u50da\u968e\u5c64\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5c6c\u5229\u7528\u6b0a\u529b\u4e2d\u98fd\u79c1\u56ca\uff0c\u65b0\u8208\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u7fa4\u9ad4\u901a\u904e\u539f\u59cb\u8cc7\u672c\u7a4d\u7d2f\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5916\u570b\u8cc7\u672c\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u9032\u5165\uff0c\u901a\u8ca8\u81a8\u8139\u5c45\u9ad8\u4e0d\u4e0b\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u8ca7\u5bcc\u5206\u5316\u548c\u968e\u5c64\u5c0d\u7acb\u65e5\u76ca\u660e\u986f\uff0c\u5e95\u5c64\u5de5\u8fb2\u6df1\u611f\u6c11\u751f\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u6c11\u773e\u6975\u70ba\u53ad\u6068\u7279\u6b0a\u8150\u6557\u8207\u5b98\u50da\u5c08\u5236\uff1b\u5b78\u751f\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u547c\u8072\u4e0d\u65b7\uff0c\u5f9e1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u958b\u59cb\u5404\u5730\u5c62\u73fe\u5b78\u6f6e\u548c\u5de5\u6f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u77e5\u8b58\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u7279\u6b0a\u968e\u5c64\u5247\u65e5\u76ca\u53d7\u5230\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u6f6e\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9ad4\u5236\u5916\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u4e3b\u5f35\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u9ee8\u5167\u201d\u958b\u660e\u6d3e\u201d\u8207\u201d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u9b25\u722d\u65e5\u8da8\u6fc0\u70c8\u548c\u516c\u958b\u5316\uff0c\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\u70ba\u9996\u7684\u53f3\u50be\u529b\u91cf\u4e5f\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u4e0d\u6eff\u65bc\u201d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u5c0d\u5176\u63a8\u884c\u201d\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u201d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u8207\u7f88\u7d46\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u9032\u5165\u5176\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u74f6\u9838\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u7d71\u6cbb\u96c6\u5718\u8da8\u65bc\u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